Constructing bicycle wheels

Applies to all wheels from single sprocket BMX internal gear hubs, child's wheels to external multiple external gear road racing to mountain  bike wheels.

While it's true spare wheels supply a useful amount of donor parts like nuts, axles, spokes making up a wheel from two different wheels hubs and rims has it's fair share of issues.

The main issue with multiple external gearing wheels ( road, commuter, mountain bikes ect ) what is expressed as dished and symmetrical wheels. If you look head on the rear wheels of these bikes ( or any bike wheel ) you'll be able to detect the spokes give the gear cluster sides a noticeable dish appearance while the opposite side spokes are not seen head on making that side look flat inwards. If you look to the rim you notice it looks off set towards the gear cluster side while it's perfectly aligned central between brakes in the drop out stays.

You will also come across gear cluster where the spokes are not clearly obvious looking flat inwards while the opposite side spokes are seen making that side look dished. You will notice even when the rim seems off set away from the gear cluster side towards the opposite side it is still perfectly centred between the rear wheel drop out stays or front forks.

Then there are bikes with both sides looking dished while the rim is still perfectly centred between the drop out stays or front forks. The combinations of the dish like appearances is expressed as dished wheels.

The point is dished one side wheels are off set left or right while the rim is perfectly positioned centrally between the rear dropout stays and front forks.  However you will come across wheels both sides looking flat like while the rim looking perfectly centred in the drop out expressed as symmetrical wheels.

 If we do the math's on this we can count up to six possible combinations of four gear cluster/opposite side combinations, one side dished one side symmetrical both sides dished or both sides symmetrical. All six combinations are designed to accommodate a specific number of rear wheel and front chain wheels ( the peddle crank ) sprockets at the same time maintaining the rim central between the drop out stays.

If a wheel is dished on the gear cluster side the hub flange where the spokes support is angled inward slightly to create the dish effect on that side and straight the opposite side to create the symmetrical side. The opposite is true. If the opposite side of the flange is angled inward slightly the gear cluster side is straight. Where both sides look a bit angled inward is a both sides dished wheel. If both the flanges look straight is a symmetrical wheel hub.

Correspondingly the rims designs and rear wheel drop out designs for each type of hub. If I may use a extreme case if a hub deigned for a dished gear cluster and symmetrical  opposite side re-spoke onto a hub designed for a dished opposite side and symmetrical gear cluster side will create problems the rim will not centralize properly. If there is a wrong angle in a hub flange forces the rim to be off-centered between the rear wheel drop out stays and front forks to much the towards the opposite side. You have a misalignment between the two wheels resulting in slight crabbing of the bike during riding.

The result will be a strain on spokes. Off set to to much the gear cluster side will be consistent with constantly braking spokes on that side. If consistently braking spokes on the opposite side is consistent to off set to much on that side. Careful inspection of the angle of disassembled spare hubs helps identify the type of wheel is often a prudent when intending to build a wheel on them.

Tape measures is a helpfully in determining a dished or symmetrical wheel arrangement. The measure a slight difference of a centimeter or so across both front forks and rear wheel drop outs. The rear drop out widths accommodate room for a variety of rear wheel sprockets and front chain wheel sprocket symmetrical or dish wheels centralizing the rim between the rear wheel drop out and front forks. It also effects the angle of the drop out stays as well. The narrowest rear wheel drop out is a five rear wheel sprocket allowing for either symmetrical of dished wheel allowing room for a double front chain wheel arrangement of typical ten speed arrangement. If there is a triple chain wheel set, room is needed for the third sprocket and symmetrical or dished wheels accommodating for them aligning centrally in the rear wheel drop out stays or front forks of a typical  fifteen speed bike.

More room is needed to accommodate six rear wheel sprockets and either only allowing for a double front chain wheel arrangement ( twelve speed )  or if a triple front chain wheel which symmetrical or dished wheel arrangement accommodates for the three sprockets of eighteen speeds. Lots of room is required to accommodate seven sprockets allowing room only for a double front chain wheel arrangement ( fourteen speed ) or if a triple chain wheel arrangement extra width room is required for the three sprockets (A twenty one speed ) and to accommodate for a symmetrical or dished wheel arrangement.

Tap measures are an ideal tools assessing profile information of any bike frame dimensions specially if there is any wheel rebuilding intentions choosing the right wheel parts suitable. An example the measure the shortest  length of hubs ten speeds and the longest twenty one speed hubs respectively. The length of each hub determines and the symmetry of the wheel determines the the width of both rear wheel drop out and front forks   

They are ideal in assessing the length of spokes required. Knowing the rear wheel drop out width's can help in choosing the right speed, dish or symmetric wheel arrangement suitable fitting the drop out properly of the intended frame.

I I may use another extreme example intensions of converting a ten speed into a twenty one rebuilding the original  ten speed rim onto a twenty one speed hub meant for a dished drop out the twenty one speed hub designed for a symmetrical wheel will off-set forcing the ten speed drop out stays apart to fit mere millimeters from the rear wheel drop out stay possibly even rubbing the wall of the tire not to mention on the rim  brake arms and brake rubbers and will not not fit properly. If you  have a disc brake bike the disc won't fit between  the gap of the brake pad caliper. The opposite effect has the same problem only the ten speed hub forces the twenty one speed stays inward. The bike will only grab as you ride.

You will have problems trying to get the wheel cantered. The effect the rear wheel won't be following aligned with the front wheel the why they should. You'll be riding a crabbing frame wearing out tires unevenly.

There are different number of spokes between wheel issues too. If you count the spokes of wheels that look identical  you'll find one wheel will have thirty two and another up thirty six.

Thirty two, and (but more common), thirty six are common and rare forty spoke wheels will be encountered. Sometimes you'll came across less than thirty specialist high performance weight reduction large diameter skinny racing wheels aimed at sports athletes and forty for back packer tourist bikes in both skinny road and mountain bike wheels. Never neglect to check the same spoke number match in the donor rim and hub when collecting the parts together. Fortunately custom swapping an external donor hub for a internal that will have different diameter flange and the diameter of the donor rim is not critical.

If you don't check the donor hub and rim spokes the same number of spokes holes it will only revel the mistake when you had gone to all the trouble half way though assembling the spokes. That and as bikes come in various speeds influences the final out come of the wheel.

Ten speeds are two front churning chain wheel sprockets and five external rear wheel sprockets  If there is six rear wheel sprockets is a twelve speed. Mountain bikes with only two front churning chain wheels, can have up to seven rear wheel sprockets making them fourteen speed, and if eight rear sprockets sixteen and so on. However mountain bikes commonly have a triple (three) front chain wheel arrangements.

Triple front chain wheels with five rear sprockets is a fifteen speed. Six an eighteen, seven a twenty one, and if eight a twenty four speed. In other words overall, two to the five, two to the six, two the seven, two to the eight, three to the five ,three to the six, three to the seven or three to the eight ratios. In other words two fives, two sixes, two sevens, two eights, and three fives, three sixes, three sevens, and three eights respectively The significance determines the customization of changing rear wheel hub arrangements. The more the rear wheel sprockets the longer the hub fit between the rear wheel drop out stays.

The shortest is a five sprocket hub and the longest is eight. What ever the length hub chosen determines the fit to size between the rear wheel drop out stays. You may find it a helpful  to check the donor hub between the drop out stays before you start striping down the only wheel you have. There is a certain amount of tolerance, but you will be stretching things with an eight sprocket hub between the drop out stays of a five sprocket drop out stay frame. What looks like the same diameter donor rim often turns out to be a different size.

Rim diameter given in imperial inches, range from six, (half foot)  twelve,( a foot)  eighteen (one and a half feet) twenty, twenty four, (two feet), twenty six, twenty seven and twenty eight inch skinny road bike wheels. It is not unknown for one or two rare mountain bike models to be as large as twenty nine. The metric equivalent of the imperial twenty seven and twenty eights is rounded off to seven hundred millimeter (just under three quarter meter) making them look the same diameter at a glance but are a little larger than a twenty six and a little smaller than a twenty seven and twenty eight called seven hundred C. Make sure the donor tire is the same as the rim. A 700C tire is too big for a twenty six and two small  for a twenty seven specially if a twenty eight.

You should be aware twenty seven and specially twenty eight road wheels are no longer produced in favor of a standard seven hundred C which makes the twenty seven and twenty six inch wheels pretty well rare now. If the donor rim is a 700C and the donor tire a twenty six or twenty seven is all your have looking for a replacement either way most new bike show room shop sales personal won't be interested in any technical details other than the wheel size of the different models on the show room floor.

Only a shop with a workshop like environment the second you walk into the door will have experienced mechanic staff serving you that makes all the difference when looking for straight answers. Comparing two tires and rims that look the same size will determine if a seven hundred C or a twenty six or twenty seven inch wheel. After a while you should begin recognize a seven hundred C a twenty six or twenty seven inch wheel when you see one with out comparison. Make sure all your donor spokes are the same length. Fortunately swapping for a different hub you can use the other wheel on your bike  as paten to copy showing you spoke cross paten you follow.

Observing the other wheel you  will observe a spoke crossing the head of the spoke on in the hub flange, crossing another spoke and another and so on. You will come across a variation of crosses. At your local library there are plenty of bicycle repair book with plenty of illustrations illustrating the cross arrangement.

Besides the other wheel of your bike or if you have a spare wheel or two or when ever you get the chance you can observe spoke cross arrangements at bike shops. Which your curiosity doesn't arouses  a shop sales personal to cause any suspicious of what you are up to. You'll find a variety of spoke crossings some only once or twice and others as much as four times. Four crosses are relatively rare for common commuter bikes. Once or twice are professional athlete wheels and crossing four times added strength mountain and back packer bike road wheels. Four cross is the strongest for those who carry a lot of personal gear using their  bikes like donkeys.

The most common is three cross wheel from mountain to common commuter bikes. Fortunately though the rim and hub diameters are not critical. The only result would be a different cross than the original wheels. A  twenty six inch donor rim can be re-spoked with all the spokes the same lengths on any diameter hub. The longer the spokes the more cross for each diameter of rim and vice versa the short the less. For example spokes salvaged from twenty eight inch wheel used as donor spokes will likly turn out to be four cross or  more on a twenty six inch donor rim or salvaged from a twenty six inch rim  will be two cross or less respectively.

It is a mistake to do a work round arranging spokes different lengths because the end result all on one side will give you a different cross one side then the other. This is why to insure that does not happen insure there no odd length spokes what ever lengths of the donor spokes. Investigating the spokes you need for your donor rim at bike shops sales personal in new bike show rooms is not the best pace to ask those type of questions. The sales personal are only interested in the current new bike sales not technical stuff.

They are not a proper workshop personal so either not interested or not experienced mechanics. Only workshop like environment and mechanic personal environment working on all sorts of bikes all day long can answer those questions. A better place are a lawn mower and cycle repair workshop like atmosphere  rather than just observing  a shop with a row of brand new bikes to visit when you see one. Avoid them like the plague. Theses shops won't even have the interest to help you select the right tire let a lone advising you on the right parts for rebuilding your wheel. You see rims come in a variety of widths less than an inch (a couple of centimeters ) for skinny road bikes to as much as a in and a quarter, for mountain bikes. The width of the rim is crucial for the ire.

For example if a mountain bike tire is given as twenty six by two point five means the diameter across the tire is twenty six inches to fit a two and a half inch wide rim. A twenty seven by one and a quarter inches respectively. Failure to observe a width match of a donor tire and rim can lead to constant flat problems. A quarter inch to wide or to narrower has stress consequences on the tire dedicated mechanics will tell you new bike shop personal not interested in that kind of detail hearing your story rebuilding your wheel from dissembled parts of other bikes. The rim width also has consequences between the front forks and rear wheel drop stays.

Don't approach new bike shop personal with a technical issue like that because they are not interested. For mountain bikes they come one and three quarters inches, two inches, two and a quarter,  even two and a half  inches and so on. If you ever do visit a new bike shop just use you discretion observing the width of the wheels on display.

It is important to recognize the technical issue of width of both the rim and tire otherwise you'll have damaging the tire result staying inflated problems. Reading the tire size printed on the tire wall of a potential donor tire for your bike is an indication if the rim width and diameter is going to be a compatible fit. The best bet is to use your spare wheels as a model observing the tire wall specification then with a tape measure, measuring the rim check on both the width and diameter.

The new wheel can cause several new issues that will need to be addressed. If the rim is wider than the original will drag on the rim. If narrower to far away making your brakes feel slack. There is a work round that can be applied in this area when you come to mount the wheel. Simply by re-adjusting the brake from the cable lock nuts on the brake spreading them apart or closer to accommodate a wider or narrower rim often helps solve that sort that sort of problem. Also if this issue isn't addressed will cause truing the rim issues when adjusting the tension of the spokes. If the axle has been dissembled  it is next. There are a few mistakes issues that need to be addressed when refitting.

If you haven't already notice examining the rear wheel axles there is a unthreaded part in the centers. This is an indication of the difference of the different speeds. Take a short unthreaded center. The resulting long threads each end accommodate a, six, seven or eight sprocket hub. ( fourteen to Twenty four speed bikes ). Longer unthreaded centers resulting in short threads each end can only accommodate for up to a maximum of five sprockets.

The distance of the rear wheel drop out is determined by the speed of the bike. Common school rulers will measure  a variation of a few centimeters difference across the drop outs. A 12 speed mountain bike  drop out width will read significantly narrower than a eighteen, twenty one and twenty seven.

For example modifying a twenty seven inch road commuter bike speed into a twenty four speed you will need to re-build a twenty four speed mountain bike hub to the original twenty seven inch rim. Another way to do this is to build an internal gearing hub for the purpose of utilizing the full range of the front chain wheel while keeping the chain at a minimal angle.

The rear wheel stays should be spread naturally as they want or you'll find a very uncertain road handling. 10 speeds in 21 speed frames need spacers to take up the space. If a 21 speed mounted in a 10 speed frame frame replace with narrower lock nuts. If you've disturbed the axle there is a few things you should know. Rebuilding using donor parts from your spare parts bin salvaged from various bikes can degrade your bike handling. Using your other wheel  you can use it as a model to spoke the donor wheel parts.

Observe closely on the hub flange of the other wheel the heads alternate "In out, in out" respectively. Copy the other wheel as a guide when stringing spokes to the donor hub flange. A mistake is to cross a spoke over the head of first cross. The stress often breaks the heads off from the constant torque  pull you apply to the to chain transferred to the hub. Follow the other wheel example by arranging the spoke to cross under the first spoke spoke cross without touching the spoke it's crossing.

On the donor hub flange note each spoke hole has a "V" shape recess in them. It is important to make sure the spoke heads nest in each "V" recess properly or you'll end up continually breaking the heads of spokes. Replacing them you'll only keep snapping the heads again.

Thread the first spoke though a hub hole the spoke head "in" or out" (it doesn't matter which to start) neatly nesting in the "V" of the flange spoke hole. You can tell when the spoke head is flush with the hub flange. Using the rim valve hole as a reference point counting "that" spoke count 5 rim spoke holes along threading another spoke.

Don't maximum tighten the nipple just finger lose. Check the spoke nipples are properly nested flush in the rim by continually holding the hub twisted nesting them in every rim spoke hole. Watch what you are doing  using the other wheel as a guide miss a hole in the hub flange threading the spoke head in the same position the same as the first. Counting the spoke just fitted count five spoke holes in the rim along.

Keep the nipples neatly nested flush in the rim so the second spoke tip flush with it thread a nipple. According to what you observe of the other other wheel hub flange miss a flange hole threading the head the same paten as the other two spoke  head counting the last spoke fitted five spoke holes along threading the nipple. Again when the reach of the third spoke is flush with the rim you have the right angle. Correspondingly miss another flange fitting the head the same the paten as the other spoke counting that last spoke counting 5 spokes holes in the rim along threading the spoke threading the nipple.

Miss another hub spoke flange hole threading the head the same spoke head paten as the other two spokes counting the last spoke fitted counting five along fitting the spoke in the spoke hole threading the nipple. By this stage you should make sure the nipples aren't caching the rim keeping the spokes keeping the hub twisted so all the nipples are always properly nested in each rim hole.

Miss another hub spoke flange hole threading the head the same the paten as the other spoke heads counting the lat spoke fitted counting five spoke holes along. The tip of the spoke should just be flush with the spoke hole threading a nipple. Miss another hub spoke flange hole threading the head the same head paten as the other spokes counting the last spoke fitted counting five along the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole threading a nipple.

Keep making sure the the other spokes are nesting the spokes in each spoke hole properly by keeping the hub twisted. Miss another hub spoke flange hole threading the head the same the paten as the other spoke heads counting the last spoke fitted counting five along the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole the the spoke threading the nipple. Repeat with the next spoke and so on till you have come full circle round the rim. In the hub flange you should have a spoke hole between every spoke head. Now you will be filling in the spoke holes between each head in the hub flange according to the other wheel.

This is where the spoke cross comes into the picture. Using the other wheel as a model to work with using the valve hole as a reference point thread a spoke head  opposite the spoke heads of the spoke already fitted. Counting that spoke count 5 spoke holes in the along.

Keep the nipples neatly nested flush in the rim the tip of the spoke just flush with the rim spoke hole threading a nipple. Don't think maximum tightness. Just finger loose only To gain experience keep an eye on the other wheel as a guide insetting another spoke in the hub flange opposite head paten as the other spoke heads exactly like that wheel. As you fit the spoke  Counting that spoke counting fiver spoke holes along it will cross the head of the first fitted, angled crossing another and a third one the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole threading a nipple making sure the spokes neatly nested crossing the other spokes. By this time you should have a uniform number of crossings.

Correspondingly fit another spoke counting. that spoke counting five along lining up the spoke flush with the spoke hole, angled crossing the other another spokes, the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole threading the nipple and checking the spokes are neatly crossing. Correspondingly fit another spoke making sure it is inserted head opposite the first spokes you fitted counting that spoke counting 5 spokes holes in the rim along it will cross the head of the third you fitted, angled crossing another and a third one, the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole threading the nipple keeping the spokes neatly crossed.

Make sure the nipples aren't caching the rim keeping the spokes properly nested in each spoke hole keeping the hub twisted so all the nipples are always properly nested. Again repeating the procedure fit another spoke making sure it is inserted head opposite the first spokes you fitted counting that spoke counting 5 spokes holes in the rim along that this spoke will cross the head of the fourth fitted, angled crossing another and a third one, the tip of the spoke just flush with the spoke hole threading the nipple the spokes are neatly crossing they should.

Repeat with the next spoke and so on till you have come full circle round the rim. There one side is finished. Comparing the hub of the other wheel is double checking your work making sure every head in the flange ends up exactly like it. Every spoke head should be opposite way to each other just like the other wheel. By the time assembled you'll have a head "in" the next one "out", the next "in" the next "out" the next "in" the next........  round the flange respectively. When you have completed that side you can start on the other side. Use the valve hole as a reference point repeating the same procedure using the other wheel helping you double check you work.

Once you've finished the whole wheel do not tighten any spokes at this point. Make sure the rim is wobble loose on the spokes. Now we are ready to true tightening the spokes using the brake rubbers as a guide.

Using the brake rubbers as a guide is very tricky. They need spread apart evenly not uneven because uneven brake rubber be off center causing rim truing problems. You need to be aware of the brake rubber spread. Depending on whether you are left or right handed you'll find the best viewing angle to observe both sides of the rim moving round with a even gap between each side of the rim.

Turning your attention back to a couple of spokes away from the spoke between the brake rubbers fine tune only turning no more than a half turn observing the rim between the brake rubbers. From the bike upside down point of view do the same with the spoke on the opposite corner (top of the wheel) spoke only a half turn observing the rim between the brake rubbers. Do this as you move the rim round observing the rim move between the rubbers. At this stage you should be fine tuning. If you haven't created a dip in the various parts of the rim you should never need maximum tightness to adjust the rim movement. Only firm tighten will be more than enough.

Repairing bicycle wheels

If you experience a bump, bump, bump, during riding is caused by a couple of issues. One of these may not necessary a distorted rim a but a distorted inner tube causing a lump on the tip of a worn out tire or showing though a old nail puncture cut that can be can be checked by eye. With the bike upside down resting on the seat and handle bars, roll the wheel round at a moderate pace enough to observe an up and down bumping.

If you find the bump the tire is pretty thin and worn or the inner tube starting to show though an old nail cut puncture. We can easily see from the spinning if it's not in the rim. If not in the tire we can equally observes it's the rim. A distorted rim is caused by an egg shape caused by a missing or broken spokes.

On going braking spoke problem is caused by the mistake of tightening every replaced spoke. With the bike upside down resting on the seat and handle bars rotating the wheel what looks like a side to side wobble, when looking again, you will observe an up and down bumping. The rim is twisted to one side where replacement spokes where the rim acts like a cork on the ripples of a beach.

As you keep tighten replacement spokes they pull the rim twisting to one side and pulling a bow. The rest of the spokes pushes a razed bump and twisting the rim opposite corner causing the egg shape, The replacement spokes are either the gear cluster or opposite. sides of the whole wheel.

Note. In correcting the issue brake rubbers of rim brake bikes can be used as a guide to help straighten out the wobble. Observe how close a gap between the rubbers and the rim is. In the case of disc brake bikes the disc between the gap of brake calliper as a guide straightening the rim wobble by spoke tension is possible.

The tire and inner tube removed re-mounted the wheel back in the bike turning the wheel so the new spoke is vertical between the two brake rubbers. Similarly with disc brake bikes the new spoke vertical to the disc.

Don't tighten the new spoke. Instead loosen two spokes opposite the replaced spoke and loosen only one the other side. You should have loosened three spokes leaving a total of four loose spokes in a row in a bow. Tracing the spokes two will be the gear cluster side and the other two the opposite side along the bow.

Turn the wheel round so the opposite corner. If you have a rim brake bike is between the brakes rubbers if or in the case of a disc brake bike the razed hump in line with disc where you adjust spokes here. You can start with the gear cluster side tightening the two spokes only a half turn or so. The same applies if you start first with the opposite side if you wish. Which ever side doesn't matter. If you started with the gear cluster side first after adjusting those spokes turn your attention to the two spokes of the opposite side only a half turn or so.

You may observe if you have rim brakes may start to move away from one brake pad towards the opposite rubber as  you alternate each side. The same movement applies to all rims including disc brakes the disc between the calliper will appear to line up straighter. If you concentrate only on one side potentially causes twisting the rim to that side causing a twist in the rim. Alternate in turn between the gear cluster and opposite side pattern.

Turn the wheel round back to the new spoke. If you have rim brakes between the brake rubbers or vertical to the disc if you have a disc brake bike. You will find when you adjusted this corner the loose spokes you loosed ( now the opposite corner ) had taken up some slack straightening out the opposite corner bump and twist as you adjusted  these spokes in the bow Conner.

All that is left is fine tuning adjusting spoke tensions alternating between each corner of the rim at a time alternating between the gear cluster and opposite side fine tuning adjustment. In this way the rim should look good running straight and true between the bake rubbers of your rim brake bike or your bike is disc brake type the disc between the crack of the main calliper.

One of the biggest mistakes causing on going braking spoke problems in the first place is swooping wheels between bikes. Wheels are not that interchangeable because a few design issues.

The main issue what is expressed as dished and symmetrical wheels. If you look head on the rear wheels of any bike you'll be able to detect some bikes the gear clusters sides looks like a dish bulge, opposite side looking flat. Then there are wheels the gear cluster side looks flat while the opposite side looks dished. Then there are bikes with both sides looking dished. The combinations of the dish like appearances is expressed as dished wheels.

However there are wheels that both sides that look flat expressed as symmetrical wheels. There consequences between dish and symmetrical wheel appearances between front forks and rear wheel drops outs widths is significant. A wrong symmetry type wheel for the front forks or rear wheel drop out constantly keeps the wheel twisted the cause of on going braking spoke problems.

 If  I may use an extreme example to illustrate a point. If a symmetrical wheel is fitted to a front fork or rear wheel drop out width meant for a meant a dished wheel can cause problems. The hub of the dished wheel off sets the entire wheel in the symmetrical front fork or rear drop out to one side causing problems with not only wheel alignment between the widths causes braking problems because the rim is off set rubbing on the brakes. Not only that on the rear wheel drop out stays or front forks. This issue is critical if there is any intention of rebuilding wheels using parts from different wheels.

Tape measures read a difference of a few centimetres across both front forks and rear wheel drop outs. The rear drop out widths accommodate room for a variety of rear wheel sprockets and front chain wheel sprocket arrangements not to mention  dished or symmetrical wheels. The narrowest rear wheel drop out is a five rear wheel sprocket set symmetrical wheel allowing room only for a double front chain wheel arrangement a typical ten speed arrangement where the gear cluster. If there is a triple chain wheel set room is needed for the third sprocket and accommodating for symmetrical or dished wheels a fifteen speed bikes.

More room is needed to accommodate six rear wheel sprockets and either only allowing for a double front chain wheel arrangement ( twelve speed )  or if a triple front chain wheel symmetrical or dished wheel arrangement room has to be needed for the three sprockets of eighteen speeds. Lots of room is required to accommodate seven sprockets allowing room only for a double front chain wheel arrangement ( fourteen speed ) or if a triple chain wheel arrangement extra width room required for the three sprockets (A twenty one speed ) and to accommodate for a symmetrical or dished wheel arrangement.

Tap measures are an ideal tools assessing profile information of any bike frame dimensions specially if there is any wheel rebuilding intentions choosing the right wheel parts suitable. They are ideal in assessing the length of spokes required. Knowing the rear wheel drop out width's can help in choosing the right speed, dish or symmetric wheel arrangement suitable fitting the drop out properly of the intended frame.

If I may use another extreme example intensions of converting a ten speed into a twenty one rebuilding the original  ten speed rim onto a twenty one speed hub meant for a dished drop out the twenty one speed hub designed for a symmetrical wheel will off-set forcing the ten speed drop out stays apart to fit mere millimetres from the rear wheel drop out stay possibly even rubbing the wall of the tire not to mention on the rim  brake arms and brake rubbers and will not fit properly. If you  have a disc brake bike the disc won't fit between  the gap of the brake pad calliper. The opposite effect has the same problem only the ten speed hub forces the twenty one speed stays inward. The bike will only grab as you ride.

You will have problems trying to get the wheel cantered. The effect the rear wheel won't be following aligned with the front wheel the why they should. You'll be riding a crabbing frame wearing out tires unevenly. But all is not lost  interchanging any hub inside any rear wheel droop out so lone as the drop out and hub is a match for each other with careful selecting with tape measures for proper fits.

If you carefully select the right hub length, with a tape measure the right symmetry rim suitable for the front forks or rear wheel drop width from all your spare wheel parts bin everything including spokes will all fit like a glove.

Bicyle brakes

Most of us feel unsafe when our brakes feel a bite spongy. Most of us never do like slack pulling up efficiency. The cause is often reassembly after replacing brakes, pads or dissembled for some reason.

Examining the inner wire in bike dealer show rooms  gives a clue to what is causes slack braking power.  You will note how the inner wire cable anchored onto the securing bolt on brake arms are always straight. You won't find  any bends or kinks a vindication of what they are supposed to be.

Any bends or kinks the cable pulls rim brakes lopsided to one side effecting the brake rubbers pressing the rim in a "V" instead of both flush. The same with disc brake pads. The "V" pressing of the pads makes less than half contact at any given time the cause of slack braking. It also causes inefficient moving away from the rim, ( applies to disc brake pads on the disc ) dragging on it causing the pads to ware out very fast and a feeling a drag while riding.

If you have replaced brakes or pads at some time check the inner wire cable on the brake arm lever. If a bend or kink it needs to be relocated so it is as straight as bicycle shop bikes.  If a bend start with adjusting both handle bar and brake arm adjusters all the way back
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Loosen the inner wire cable anchor bolt enough you can slide the inner wire under the acorn or Allan key nut out leaving the nut attached. The brake springs should release the tension spreading rim brake bike arms apart or in the case of disc bake models to no tension.

Refit re-positioning the inner wire cable threading under the loose nut to the most covenant position the wire is straight making sure there is no bends or kinks like you see of dealership showroom  bikes are. Depending whether your left or right handed requires both hands to reassemble because of the spring mechanism holding the brake arms open is always against you.

If there is still a bend odds are the wire has been bent. Inner wire cables can generally be bent straight and try again.

Adjust the brake arm the brake pads close with one hand sliding the brake arm up the inner wire cable under the loose nut while holding onto the tail of the inner wire cable adjusting the distance of the brake rubbers of rim brake bikes. In the case of a disc brake bike is a rather hit an miss a friar but can be judged pretty closely. You will feel a bit of a struggle against the spring  tension witch inevitably makes things difficult. Keep a firm tension on the brake arm.

Once you have the brake pads close enough you need to hold pretty steady against the spring tension or you will loose the adjustment because the brakes springs tend to spread creating to much slack in the inner cable when you tighten the nut. You will be back to square one with spongy brakes. Make sure the tension of the spring doesn't do that. One trick helps compensate.

Adjust the brake arm a little more closer up. By the time you tighten the anchor bolt enough you can let go and the spring tension will move apart slightly in compensation and you can tighten the nut.

Mathmatics how to

The subject is written to help slow persons that have lack of knowledge and inexperience due to limited connective grasp of written text.

Numbers one to nine are single digits and follow a precise numerical order repetitive sequence. After nine they reset to one zero making ten a double digit one and zero number. Ten is considered a bas due to our ten fingers. What follows is a zero to nine sequence in this case one zero, one one, one two, one three, one four, one five, one six, one seven, one eight and one nine respectively.

Our mathematical instinct agrees they repeat two zero, two one, two two, two three, two four, two five......to two nine followed again by three zero, three one, three two, three three, three four, three five.........repeating the zero to nine single digit numbers to three nine then four zero, four one, four two, four three, four four, four five............to four nine followed by five zero, five one, five two, five three, five four, five five........ five nine, six zero........to five nine and so on.

Our instinct in such matters agrees single zero to nine numbers repeat in the sixes, sevens, eights, nines to nine nine before resetting to one zero our mathematical instinct knows all to well a hundred.

After nine nine nine is one, zero zero, our instinct recognizes for a thousand followed by one, zero one, one, zero two, one zero three, one, zero four, one zero five in numerical order like that to nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero. Our instinct in these matters won't argue a four digit number for a thousand because we are including the one.

They continue to nine nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero zero for everybody recognizes as ten thousand followed by one zero zero zero one to nine nine nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero zero zero followed by one zero zero zero zero one constantly repeating in numerical the same zero to nine single digits.

The important point a zero makes one into a two digit number for ten. Our mathematical instinct won't argue with that. We intuitively recognize adding a zero to a one makes it into a ten. Another zero makes ten into three digit number for a hundred and another zero makes a a hundred into a four digit number for a thousand and another zero makes a thousand into a five digit number for ten thousand respectively. Our mathematical intuition won't be confused each zero represents a ten times progression. expressed as none linear or logarithmic positive numbers.

Anybody observant would have noticed one, ten, a hundred, a thousand, ten thousand a hundred thousand and million paten. There is a no zeros for one, one zero for ten, two zeros for a hundred, three zeros for a thousand, four zeros for ten thousand, five zeros for a hundred thousand and six zeros for a million respectively. Our intuition agrees adding a zero makes the previous ten times greater.

By now your mathematical instinct would agree it noticed adding a zero was one multiplied by ten. Your math's skill tells you it agrees adding another zero constitutes to ten multiplied by ten giving us a hundred. It agrees adding another zero gives us a hundred multiplied by ten giving us a thousand. It agrees if we add another zero gives us thousand multiplied by ten and another zero added giving us ten thousand multiplied by ten respectively. Your instinct agrees with the statement every zero added is multiplied by ten times.

It agrees adding another zero gives us ten million, adding anther zero gives us another ten times, a hundred million and adding another zero gives us another ten times and another zero gives us another ten times. Your math's instinct agrees a billion is equal to one multiplied by ten twelve times giving you a thirteen digit number ( one and twelve zeros ) and so on.

And so your instinct agrees if we add another zero becomes ten times for ten billion, another zero makes it a hundred billion and another zero makes it a thousand billion respectively. Your instinct can tell by adding zeros counts ten times greater than the every previous. Your instinct tells you we can count well into excess of multiplying one by ten billions and billions of times over with out end and agrees with the statement no where near infinity. It agrees with the statement if we multiply one by ten a billion times gives us a billion zero long number and we can add any number of more zeros and still never reach infinite agreeing because adding zeros can have no end.

When our mathematical instinct is aroused it recognizes a law of mathematics as natural as the air we breath. Take a common children times table chart in the times three table that three seven's are twenty one. Our instinct agrees it is the same sum found in the times seven table, seven three's are twenty one.

Operating on the principle our mathematical instinct agrees if we take three sevens are twenty one we can divide twenty one by three equals seven or we can divide twenty one by seven equals three respectively. Our intuition in math's agrees math's can't lie. Our intuition instinctively see's a use of this law. We can ask ourselves how many three's go into twenty one. Our instinct agrees it is a simple matter of dividing twenty one by three. Or we can ask ourselves the same question of how many seven's go into twenty one. Our instinct aggress dividing twenty one by three gives us seven.

Our mathematical intuition agrees in multiplication it doesn't mater what way we multiply the answer's are both the same. It also recognizes if we need to know an unknown number it is only a matter of thinking how many goes into we are using division to find the answer. It is instinctive to recognize when we ask our selves how many fifties go into a hundred, two because there are two fifties in a hundred. Our instinct aggress it is merry a hundred divided by two which is a hundred divided in half instinctively recognizing fifty two's make a hundred. Our instinct aggress we can ask ourselves how many two's go into a hundred as a hundred divided by two is dividing a hundred in half which is fifty two's make a hundred. Our mathematical instinct can't argue with that.

It also recognizes we can work out how many fifties go into two. Our instinct agrees obviously won't go. It agrees its only a matter of asking how many fifties goes into twenty but recognizes also won't go. It agrees in principle to ask what about two hundred? Our math's instinct agrees there is two fifties in a hundred so there should be four in two hundred. It recognizes the two zeros of two hundred to transpose from the right of four to the left separating the first zero with a dot we have zero point zero four as the answer.

Our mathematical instinct is also intuitive  at asking how many years go into thirty month's. It agrees there is twelve month's in a year agreeing two twelve month's makes twenty four month's total agreeing equals two years. It recognizes twenty four month's in thirty months with six month's over because it recognizes because thirty takeaway twenty four recognizing at the same time equal to twenty four plus six equals thirty agreeing six moth's is half a year. It agrees in principle in other words thirty month's is equal to two and a half years.

Our mathematical instinct is also intuitive in recognizing some numbers dived cleanly such as the children times table answers. Mathematicians tell us theses are called composites. It agrees there are numbers unlike the composites in the children's time table don't divided evenly. It instinctively agrees with the statement there is is always some number that divides with fractions remaining. These numbers happen to be one, two, three, five, seven and nine mathematicians call primes.

However mathematicians have been intrigued with the number one for centuries. Our initiation agrees with the statement one will divide into all numbers including both primes and composites. Our instinct aggress it is only a matter of asking how many ones go one. Of course it is only one one. How about the same question into three? Our math's instinct agrees of course there are three ones in three.

Our instinct knows to ask how many ones go into a composite like four. Of course there are four ones in four. Our mathematical inactive agrees it is only a matter of asking how many fours go into four.  Of course one four. The same is true with the rest of the composites of the entire time table answers. Our math's inactive aggress with the statement one goes evenly in both prime and composites. It agrees with the statement arithmetic doesn't lie you know.

It recognize not just for primes but all numbers agreeing including all the composites it observes in the answer columns in children's time tables. Our instinct aggress with the statement one can dived into primes and composites evenly. It can't argue with that because one divide one is one one so one is dividing evenly as equal as it divides into three (three one's the number prime) as in four. ( As four ones making a composite).

We can apply our mathematical instinct asking ourselves what is half of four. Our instinct says of course we get two. It agrees because two two's are four. However if we ask the same question with a prime like five we have a fraction over. The same is true of all primes. If we take a composite like ten we can ask how many, two's ( a prime ) go into it. Our arithmetic instinct tells us because five ( a prime ) two's ( the secondary prime ) are ten because obviously two fives is ten. We can't do this with primes. You can check the arithmetic composites in  the children's times table chart.

Our math's initiation agrees we can take the composite number ten from a times ten table dived in half our math's instinct reminding us dividing in half is merely dividing by two reminding us two is a prime. It reminds us five as half of ten is a prime number reminding us dividing five by two is two with a half over.

Our mathematical instinct agrees it had always noticed five was as far as we can dived a ten evenly. It recognizes instinctively the same rule should apply to numbers in general. Our mathematically initiation recognizes other wise always a fraction over reminding us we reach the point of a prime factor. Our instinct in such matters agrees if we take three seven's (recognizing both primes ) are twenty one ( recognizing a composite ) agrees three and seven are the prime factors that add up to the composite. It recognizes there is no reason  why not this should be true for every sun in the children's time tables. To prove this check out three three's are nine. Nine is a composite because it can be divided by another prime ( three ) with out a fraction over.

Playing round with the children's time table charts we discover we cannot dived evenly any further because we had found prime factors involved in the sum. The children's times table is a double composite number sequences. Take the times two table. In numerical order sequence in the answer column, two zeros are two. two ones are two, two three's are six, two four's are eight, two fives are ten and so on. The same is true with every table. In other words we are adding every two step. We can clearly see this with the rest of the times table.

When we check out times three we recognize addition of threes. The paten is obvious when we check out all the other tables times such as seven. We recognize a addition of sevens respectively. We have no argument with our mathematical instinct there.

We recognize immediately the same additional paten in three digit numbers. We recognize it in four digit numbers. Theses with a excellent short term mommies can handle up to five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven....... digit long times table and recognize prime factors in them. The only difficulty is such long numbers for our short term memory. There is no limit to the number of digits in a number twenty five, thirty, fifty, a hundred, thousands ten thousand digit tables even trillion digit long.

Operating on the principle of zeros making incredibly large numbers we can take an acceleration of a meter per second as every ten times the distance. If we do the arithmetic on this we would accelerate from zero movement to a meter by the end of a second. By the end of the second second we'd accelerated ten meters. By the end of the third second a hundred meters, and by the end of the fourth second a thousand meters. Our mathematical instinct agrees the standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer, therefore it won't argue given we travel ten times the distance every second we traveled a kilometer by the end of four seconds. It won't argue one meter in one second, ten meters in two seconds, a hundred in three seconds and finally a kilometer in the fourth second because we are in constant acceleration of ten times the distance every second.

Our math's instinct agrees by the end of five seconds we'd  traveled ten kilometers. It won't argue by six seconds we accelerated a hundred kilometers. By seven seconds we accelerated distance of a thousand kilometers. By eight seconds. ten thousand. By nine seconds a hundred thousand. By ten seconds a thousand thousand kilometers.

Our instinct agrees if we keep accelerating like that we reach beyond the limits of our solar system less than quarter minute. ( fifteen seconds ). If we keep accelerating ten times the distance every second we would have accelerated way-way beyond the distance light travels a second in less than a quitter minute ( thirty seconds ). You insect agrees with the statement because we are accelerating all the time. It will agree we would be some hundreds and thousands of billons of kilometers across the universe in less than three quarter minute ( Forty five seconds ) Anybody curious enough and into challenging math's will be able to figure out how far we would travel in a full minute at tems times the distance every second.

Light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) in a second. If we keep accelerating ten times the distance every second like that we would reach a point of trillions upon trillions trillions of kilometers across the universe in less than quarter hour. Imagine the distance in an exact hour, let a lone in an exact  day, a week, a month or a year. Imagine in a decade, a century, a millennia ( ten times the distance every second in a thousand years ) a million or a billion or even in a trillion centuries.

The numbers can go the opposite direction expressed as negative. Water is a good example. It freezes solid at zero degrees Celsius. This is the point where it cannot freeze any further despite getting colder and colder bellow the zero point past zero degrees cold.

A degree bellow zero is minus one, two degrees bellow zero is minus two and so on where it can get as cold as minis two hundred and seventy three degrees bellow zero where it is the point all activity of the atom in matter ceases. People feel hardship at minus ten degrees bellow zero. They will only last less than quarter minute exposed to minus thirty degrees. Instant death at flirty degrees. When atoms cease activity coldness can't go any further than two hundred and seventy three. It is believed this is the level of coldness deep inside black holes or at lest one or two degrees above. Such as minus.

Minus is summed up as reciprocals of the positive numbers. One degree above zero is the reciprocal of one degree above zero. So too ten degrees above zero is the reciprocal of the same number bellow one respectively. If we take for argument sake ten we can relocate the zero to the left of one between a full stop is minus ten of the same number of plus ten. In other words the reciprocal of ten is is one divided by ten, So the reciprocal of ten is a tenth expressed as zero point one and the reciprocal of a tenth is ten. In other words a reciprocal of each other.

The reciprocal of a hundred is one divided twice by ten or equal to one divide a hundred giving zero point zero one or a hundredth. Zero point zero, zero one is a the reciprocal of a thousand because it is one divided by a thousand or one by ten three times. In other words a minus of the same positive number the zeros on the left of the one. In other words thousandth is zero point zero, zero, one and the reciprocal of the same number of zeros on the right of one, and the reciprocal of a million is the same six zeros on the left of one.

In other words the reciprocal of ten is zero point one, the reciprocal of a hundred is zero point zero one, the reciprocal for a thousand is zero, point, zero, zero, one and so on. Both the positive and minus numbers are the same number. We can say the reciprocal of one is the reciprocal of ten as tenth is the reciprocal of a tenth as a hundred is the reciprocal of a hundredth and the reciprocal of a thousand is a thousandth and so on. It is clear in the paten they are reciprocals of each other. The minus of the positive and the positive of the minus respectively. A millionth and a million are the same number only reciprocals of each other.

Our mathematical instinct agrees a ten tenth's is equal to a whole one just as a million millionth's equals a whole one respectively.

Operating on the principle of one multiplied by ten many times we can dived one by ten cording to a number times. Our mathematical instinct away recognizes immediately the reciprocal of a trillion is a trillionth and a trillionth trillionth's equals a one. We see straight away infinity says just as we can add zeros to positive numbers indefinitely. we can add and add the minus zeros indefinably. A billon zero number is the reciprocals of the same number of zeros in the minus scale.

Scientific notation for such large numbers is called ten to the........ in the positives and ten to the minus in the minuses. Ten to the.......is a little razed number of time to be multiplied by just to the right of ten times any number you like the first two digits with full stop called a point. For example three thousand five hundred and seventy is notated to three point five seven times ten to the three. Proof when you multiply three point five seven by ten three times.

An identical procedure for minuses. For example three point five seven times ten to the minus three gives you zero zero zero three five seven the reciprocal of three thousand five hundred and seventy respectively. The only difference is the little take away sign just to the right between ten to the three multiplier.

Our mathematical instinct  recognizes immediately some numbers always divide with fractions over and yet others dived evenly. Mathematicians  calls any number that divides with fractions over a prime. Including one, these numbers happen to be two, three, five seven and nine. That leaves the rest of the single digit numbers, four, six, and eight that divide with no fractions mathematicians called composites. We can see clearly in the answer columns of children's time tables they are all exclusively composite numbers.

The arithmetic has intrigued mathematicians for centuries. If we take zero asking ourselves how many go into itself since zero is nothing anyway is represented by the number zero. So we can say zero divided by zero is zero

In digital electronics a brief surge of current is the number one. A good example is a keyboard keystroke, touch screen or mouse movement and clicks clicks. When there is no signal means the number zero. Zero and one are called bits and as they are a pair is expressed as binary meaning pair.

In binary arithmetic dividing one by one is an arithmetic signal to reset the one back to zero. In other words a touch screen a signal is on when we move the screen and when we don't is no signal. The arithmetic sets zero to a one reset back to zero in a endless resetting of zero and one sequences. In other words zero plus zero is a signal to change the zero to one. The same is true for zero times zero, zero dived zero, or zero takeaway zero constantly resetting zero back to one and the one back to zero.

Eight bits is called a byte meaning there is two hundred and fifty six possible combinations. Our mathematical instinct recognizes straight away  doubling eight bits is multiplied by two is sixteen bites. The total combination of sixteen bites becomes two hundred and fifty six of the eight bits multiplied by itself. Any number multiplied by itself is called a square. Once we learn eight bits doubled the total combination is squared we recognize instinctively doubling every byte constitutes a total of the zero and one bits combination is squared.

There is an intriguing geometry trick constant with straight lines and circles. If we take a piece of string and wrap round a ball and cut to exact length we can open out to a straight line and measure the length with a ruler. Our mathematical instinct recognizes the same straight line measurement is a reflection of the same circumference of all spheres no matter the size from a giant star million of kilometers across to a speck of dust. We easily recognize every straight line rolled into a circle makes the circumference of any sphere.

Our instinct in such matters will  agree all straight lines when rolled into a circle is the circumferences of any sphere. Even when we never thought of it like that there is no argument by our mind a typical thirty centimeter straight line of a common school ruler equals the same circumference of a thirty centimeter circumference sphere.

We recognize if a rule was flexible rolled into a circle every straight line division will mark out the divisions round the sphere exactly. Our mathematical intuition agrees if we measure a straight line piece of string to the exact circumference requiredof a sphere, mark the divisions on the straight line string, roll the string into a circle will mark out every division of the circumference of the circle. Our math's instinct immediately recognizes the potential for planning an engineering drawing of neat thirty spokes of a bicycle wheels. We can see clearly to mark thirty six divisions on a piece of straight string and roll into a circle line up perfect template we can draw up a perfectly divided divisions in the circle.

There is a intriguing constant called pi ( said as pie ) the small letter of Greek letter instantly recognized as it's symbol. If we align any length straight line string across the circle it will go across the same circle it makes once, twice, three times and a little bit more about a seventh over.

Our mathematical instinct recognize immediately as a one seventh. It agrees a seventh is the reciprocal of seven in which we will get no argument from our math's instinct effetely saying one divide seven. If we add three and what we learnt about primeswill be reminded three is a prime. We a total of three point one four two the fraction part accurate to only three decimal places. 

The intriguing thing with seven a prime number characteristic into one your computer's scientific calculator gives us a thirty-two decimal number and more long. The other intriguing thing if you are observant of your computer read out you will notice no two numbers together paten. If you google the geniuses book of records or look up pi in the book you will find record breaking off the tops of students heads reciting the decimal fraction several hundred decimal place records. 

That alone tells you something of primes and what you need to accomplish to find the end of the decimal fraction of pi. In fact a powerful supper computer has managed up to several million places. The thing with seven into one has no ending which appears to be infinite a source of frustration for mathematicians searching for the end for centuries. If you find the end of one dived seven you will be a math's hero to the world. We would always feel the number appears self defeating. Not only that being infinite we will find every phone number in the world in it.

Operating on the principal of the laws of mathematics master computer programmer with appropriate software can engineer three dimensional schematics geometry of sphere using the pi constant. We can engineer a two dimensional technical drawing model using circles.

Making music CDs

Insert the music CD you wish to copy in your computers CD drive.

Off the shelf retailer computers come with accessory software installed not related to
the operating system that automatically opens when you insert the disc. To use the operating system's close this program and open the operating system's media player. The media player window opens. If you don't see the CD contents turn your attention to the left pane clicking the "CD Drive" (or "unknown Album" ).  The contents of the disc will display.

If the drive starts ripping automatically the auto rip feature is set to rip automatically to rip the CD to your operating system's music library. To stop it turn your attention to the top bar of the window clicking "Stop rip". A residue of this automatic rip is recorded in the music library. If operating off line a folder will be labelled unknown with the file inside.

If you don't delete the folder the operating system sees fit include it in the burning processes causing some frustration if not wanted in your preferred set up. To turn the auto rip feature off click the "rip settings".

When the rip menu displays a tick in the rip tick box displays. Clicking "Rip automatically" turns it off automatically closing the menu. Go into your music folder and delete the residue folder.

Back to the rip menu by default all track tick boxes are ticked. At this point you have the opportunity to click out songs you don't want before you start ripping. Any blank tick boxes will not be ripped. When finished the player will let you know. If the automatically eject CD is turned on will automatically eject it.

Now remove the music CD and replace with a blank.

Go into the music library and open the recorded folder to access the files.  Minimize the window to at lest half you monitor. Open the player and minimize so the two programs are opened side by side.
This is because we all can take advantage of modern operating systems use typical easy to use drag and drop method.

Highlighting all files in the ripped music folder drag all into the right burn pane. Turn your attention to the to the top menu bar clicking start burn. The same tick box ripping procedure as the music folder in burning to blank CDs.

Special notes

The character of CD burning is now part of history theses days. Very few operating systems will support it now. Consumers are driven by a trend by business giving users no choice but to play along with smart phone/internet technology the cause of a decline in CD Players and operating system supporting burning music CD's. CD burning is already history as far as businesses is concerned. The smart phone generation has gotten used to the no choice policy to adapt in doubling their phones as hand held players instead.

Phones can be connected into users home entertainment systems at home. Habitual no choice of business policy users are forced to abandoned CD Players in favor of advances in technology. The following is now considered dinosaur technology.

Making a copy is copied to the hard drive called rip. Recording from the hard drive to a blank CD is called burn. The beauty of hard drive copies, one you have a copy of the CD in your music folder you can open the folder accessing the files you can use your operating system's cut, copy, past and rename system as you normally do with your personal files to reorganize your music files inside the folders as you like.

Ultra thin laptops and mini note books don't come with built in CD drives. Alternatively a supplementary external drive is required connected to the standard USB sockets we use typical flash drive memory sticks and printers. Since modern computers are stand along burners no software is necessary so any instillation disc that comes with a burner can be ignored.

Make sure the silver play side hasn't become dull. If the silver side is dull media players tend to have trouble ripping. As an insurance carefully wipe the silver side with cotton wool material ( glasses cloth ect ) to a mirror finish before you insert the disc. Don't scourge just polish.
When you open the media player there should be  CD or unknown in the left pane in the rip window.
Clicking  CD or unknown contents displays the CD contents.

If the disc plays as soon as you inserted it, an auto play feature may have been set to automatically play. All the familiar multimedia player controls are present as any media player to stop it. Click stop and close the window. The behavior characters differ from media player to media player. If nothing happens you can alternatively manually opened by clicking the player icon in the task bar or dock.

If unfamiliar with the operating system features the media player icon  can be identified by the operating system icon identifier. Rest the mouse pointer over each icon in the task bar, or dock, for a second or two. If the media player doesn't seem to be there check the frequently used programs list. If not there either it can be be found checking start, all programs, clicking accessories. For Windows 8 computers go into the tile window. Type media player. Clicking the media player box will open the media player displaying the CD contents.

Observe the media player icon displays on screen a dock or task bar at the bottom of the window with the bars icons. In windows operating system if you right click the task bar media player icon displays an option of pinning or unpinning any icon to the task bar you please where you can pin the media player icon to it. Next time when ever you need to open the media player again just click the task bar icon. It will open.

If the drive starts ripping automatically the auto rip feature is set to rip automatically to rip the CD to the hard drive. If you don't want to automatically rip you can stop the processes clicking the stop rip button shown. It will change to "rip CD". The rip CD is now on manual stand by. You are now on manual control when ever your ready to start ripping.

Note. Stopping the rip doesn't stop the player ripping the first song. Microsoft have programmed windows to record in the music library folder automatically named unknown artist that often causes confusion to the unfamiliar. If the automatically rip is turn off the player will do nothing on stand by you manually start ripping at any time.

Another confusion when you come to rip the CD the media player program automatically adds to the rest of your personal recoding list. If you want an independent recording go into the your operating system's library music folder and delete the folder labeled unknown folder.

Turning your attention back in the rip window of the media program clicking the rip CD button for the first time a copyright dialogue box displays. It won't let you continue until the instruction task is completed. When completed the OK button displays you can click to proceed. Observing the rip setting button in the top menu bar clicking it a drops down a menu where you can set the auto rip, and an auto eject off and on at you desire.

By default all songs are ticked. If you don't want one or two songs click out the tick of the songs you don't want. However the same thing can be achieved when you come to edit contents once recorded in the music folder. When you click the button the operating system automatically records to the music folder. If connected to the internet will automatically contact the site and fill in the details from there. If not the folder will be labelled "Unknown artist"

Any songs with no ticks will be ignored when ripping. In windows operating systems all the normal word processing cut, copy, past and rename editing commands are available where you can rearrange the play play list how you want.

If you have chosen the manual option when ready, click the rip CD button.  As you start the processes the player starts one at a time highlighting each track going though every ticked track as it goes. This will take time. A decent number of tracks could take up to five minutes. If no indication of progress don't assume it's not responding. It is working in the background.

Computers being internet oriented may attempt to connect to the internet to download the details of the tracks behind the scenes. If recoding off line a message box advises you it could not download the details. The media player had titled the ripped folder and songs as unknowns listings the songs in numerical order as it finds them.

Windows 8 display music app icon that will open and plays the files. For some reason Microsoft didn't build in any menu  so will play out of control. There is no stop control without shutting down or at lest restarting. There is a solution to the problem.

Don't click as normal. Right clicking the chose default program menu displays.
Click Windows media Player.

You will have no more problems with the files opening in the music app.

Playing in the media player you now have control. If you wish to listen to all the songs while you work, the top the menu displays a highlighted yellow Music tools tab. Click the "play all" button.

The great thing about computer technology and the internet operating systems can identify any folders titled unknown albums audibly. Connected to the internet open the media player.
The right pane shows the music library list. Click music. Right click the unknown folder. When the dialogue box appears click "Find album info" The operating system's browser will match the audio on the internet to what ever matches it finds.

Burning CD's has it confusions if using any blanks even if unknowing using a corrupted disk or not sure. The following will not work properly according to the instructions. There will be odd behavior the program will do rejecting the disk. Other problems that effects the media program is dodgy multimedia buttons ( broken or near broken shorting the program ) corrupting disks as soon as they are inserted. The burring sequence will not work the way it should.

Operating system manufactures program media players according to everybody's standards as if theirs. The media player can spoil things for what you may want from it. Everything is automatic with no personal control unless you do it manually in a separate sequence. Fortunately manufacture programming allows you can transfer a copy of the music file in the library to the desk top desk top where you can burn from their instead.

The following is the behavior of brand new or good non-corrupted disks. ( See for corrupted disks see above ).

Now all that's left is the burning to a blank processes. Media players tend to group all your Albans into one Album. If you don't want all this confusion go straight to the library's music folder opening the album you wish to record to a blank. You should see the main files.

You can work from, or alternatively if still feel uncertain to avoid any confusion an option is to transfer a copy of the folder containing the files to the desk top. Even in the desk top you can use the same right clicking rename technique we are all use to rename your folder and files. You have complete control of reorganizing the play list the way you want before you burn to a blank applies.

If you don't highlight the files ( you learnt in batch transporting cutting and copying from one folder into another ) the media player behaves somewhat oddly that can confusing and frustrating.
Operating from the liberties folder or a transferred copy to the desk top you can remain it using the
Music CD cover and open to the main files.

Leave the program open minimizing on the desk top.

Open the media player minimizing it.

You should have the two programs open side by side.
In the right media player right window pane is the pane you drag you files into and click the start burn.

Not. A word of caution. If dragging and dropping songs one at a time be careful with your mouse handling habits holding down mouse buttons while dragging and letting go. If you let go dragging from the folder pane to into the burn pane to early you risk damaging a file that won't work as expected. There will be a little red cross. When this happens before you click the burn to disc button you'll need to correct it by going back to the song title effected deleting the title and reinstalling it from the original CD.

Drag over the contents and drop into the media player burn pane you normally do transferring files from one program to another in your own programs.

Turn your attention to the "Star burn" clicking it. It will change to stop burn on stand by you can cancel at any time. Observe the progress monitor. Slow computers will take a few seconds to kick start so don't panic assume it's not responding. It will be working in the background. Once the monitor starts the processes will take time. A decent number of tracks could take up to a few minutes.

Mathmatical tricks

Numbers one to nine are single digits and follow a precise numerical order repetitive sequence. After nine they reset to one zero making ten a double digit one zero number. At this point the one to nine repeat again in this case one zero, one one, one two, one three, one four, one five, one six, one seven, one eight and one nine respectively.

Our mathematical instinct agrees they repeat two zero, two one, two two, two three, two four, two five......to two nine followed again by three zero, three one, three two, three three, three four, three five.........repeating the zero to nine single digit numbers from three nine, four zero, four one, four two, four three, four four, four five............and so four nine, five zero, five one, five two, five three, five four, five five........ five nine, six zero........and so on.

Our instinct in such matters agrees single zero to nine numbers repeat in the sixes, sevens, eights, nines to nine nine before resetting to one zero zero.

After nine nine nine is one, zero zero, for a hundred followed by one, zero one, one, zero two, one zero three, one, zero four, one zero five in numerical order like that to nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero. Our instinct in these matters won't argue a four digit number for a thousand because we are including the one.

They continue to nine nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero zero for ten thousand followed by one zero zero zero one to nine nine nine nine nine resetting to one zero zero zero zero zero followed by one zero zero zero zero one constantly repeating in numerical the same zero to nine single digits like that.

The important point a zero makes one into a two digit number for ten our mathematical instinct won't argue with that. Another zero is a three digit number for a hundred and another zero makes it a four digit number for a thousand and another zero makes the one a five digit number for ten thousand respectively. Each zero represents a ten times progression of the zero to nine linear counting expressed as none linear or logarithmic positive numbers.

Anybody observant would have noticed one, ten, a hundred, a thousand, ten thousand a hundred thousand and million paten. There is a no zeros for one, one zero for ten, two zeros for a hundred, three zeros for a thousand, four zeros for ten thousand, five zeros for a hundred thousand and six zeros for a million respectively. Adding a zero makes the previous ten times greater.

By now your mathematical instinct will agree it noticed adding a zero was one multiplied by ten. Your math's skill tells you it agrees adding another zero constitutes to ten multiplied by ten giving us a hundred. You math's instinct agrees adding another zero gives us a hundred multiplied by ten giving us a thousand. It agrees if we add another zero gives us thousand multiplied by ten and another zero added giving us ten thousand multiplied by ten respectively. Your instinct agrees with the statement every zero added is multiplied by ten times.

It agrees adding another zero gives us ten million, adding anther zero gives us another ten times, a hundred million and adding another zero gives us another ten times and another zero gives us another ten times. Your math's instinct agrees is equal to one multiplied by ten twelve times giving you a thirteen digit number ( one and twelve zeros )  for a billion and so on.

And so your instinct agrees if we add another zero becomes ten times for ten billion, another zero makes it a hundred billion and another zero makes it a thousand billion respectively. Your instinct can tell by adding zeros counts ten times greater than the every previous. Your instinct tells you we can count well into excess of multiplying one by ten billions and billions of times over with out end and agrees with the statement no where near infinity. It agrees with the statement if we multiply one by ten a billion times gives us a billion zero long number and we can add any number of more zeros and still never reach infinite agreeing because adding zeros can have no end.

Operating on the principle we can take an acceleration of a meter per second as every ten times the distance. If we do the arithmetic on this we would accelerate from zero movement to a meter by the end of a second. By the end of the second second we'd accelerated ten meters. By the end of the third second a hundred meters, and by the end of the fourth second a thousand meters. Our mathematical instinct agrees the standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer, therefore won't argue we traveled a kilometer by the end of four seconds.

Our math's instinct agrees by the end of five seconds we'd  traveled ten kilometers. It won't argue by six seconds we accelerated a hundred kilometers. By seven seconds we accelerated distance of a thousand kilometers. By eight seconds. ten thousand. By nine seconds a hundred thousand. By ten seconds a thousand thousand kilometers.

Our instinct agrees if we keep accelerating like that we reach beyond the limits of our solar system less than quarter minute. ( fifteen seconds ). If we keep accelerating ten times the distance every second we would have accelerated way-way beyond the distance light travels a second in less than a quitter minute ( thirty seconds ). You insect agrees with the statement because we are accelerating all the time. It will agree we would be some hundreds and thousands of billons of kilometers across the universe in less than three quarter minute ( Forty five seconds ) Anybody curious enough and into challenging math's will be able to figure out how far we would travel in a full minute at tems times the distance every second.

Light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like ) in a second. If we keep accelerating ten times the distance every second like that we would reach a point of trillions upon trillions trillions of kilometers across the universe in less than quarter hour. Imagine the distance in an exact hour, let a lone in an exact  day, a week, a month or a year. Imagine in a decade, a century, a millennia ( ten times the distance every second in a thousand years ) a million or a billion or even in a trillion centuries.

The numbers can go the opposite direction expressed as negative. Water is a good example. It freezes solid at zero degrees Celsius. This is the point where it cannot freeze any further despite getting colder and colder bellow the zero point past zero degrees cold.

A degree bellow zero is minus one, two degrees bellow zero is minus two and so on where it can get as cold as minis two hundred and seventy three degrees bellow zero where it is the point all activity of the atom in matter ceases. People feel hardship at minus ten degrees bellow zero. They will only last less than quarter minute exposed to minus thirty degrees. Instant death at flirty degrees. When atoms cease activity coldness can't go any further than two hundred and seventy three. It is believed this is the level of coldness deep inside black holes or at lest one or two degrees above. Such as minus.

Minus is summed up as reciprocals of the positive numbers. One degree above zero is the reciprocal of one degree above zero. So too ten degrees above zero is the reciprocal of the same number bellow one respectively. If we take for argument sake ten we can relocate the zero to the left of one between a full stop is minus ten of the same number of plus ten. In other words the reciprocal of ten is is one divided by ten, So the reciprocal of ten is a tenth expressed as zero point one and the reciprocal of a tenth is ten. In other words a reciprocal of each other.

The reciprocal of a hundred is one divided twice by ten or equal to one divide a hundred giving zero point zero one or a hundredth. Zero point zero, zero one is a the reciprocal of a thousand because it is one divided by a thousand or one by ten three times. In other words a minus of the same positive number the zeros on the left of the one. In other words thousandth is zero point zero, zero, one and the reciprocal of the same number of zeros on the right of one, and the reciprocal of a million is the same six zeros on the left of one.

In other words the reciprocal of ten is zero point one, the reciprocal of a hundred is zero point zero one, the reciprocal for a thousand is zero, point, zero, zero, one and so on. Both the positive and minus numbers are the same number. We can say the reciprocal of one is the reciprocal of ten as tenth is the reciprocal of a tenth as a hundred is the reciprocal of a hundredth and the reciprocal of a thousand is a thousandth and so on. It is clear in the paten they are reciprocals of each other. The minus of the positive and the positive of the minus respectively. A millionth and a million are the same number only reciprocals of each other.

Our mathematical instinct agrees a ten tenth's is equal to a whole one just as a million millionth's equals a whole one respectively.

Operating on the principle of one multiplied by ten many times we can dived one by ten cording to a number times. Our mathematical instinct away recognizes immediately the reciprocal of a trillion is a trillionth and a trillionth trillionth's equals a one. We see straight away infinity says just as we can add zeros to positive numbers indefinitely. we can add and add the minus zeros indefinably. A billon zero number is the reciprocals of the same number of zeros in the minus scale.

Scientific notation for such large numbers is called ten to the........ in the positives and ten to the minus in the minuses. Ten to the.......is a little razed number of time to be multiplied by just to the right of ten times any number you like the first two digits with full stop called a point. For example three thousand five hundred and seventy is notated to three point five seven times ten to the three. Proof when you multiply three point five seven by ten three times.

An identical procedure for minuses. For example three point five seven times ten to the minus three gives you zero zero zero three five seven the reciprocal of three thousand five hundred and seventy respectively. The only difference is the little take away sign just to the right between ten to the three multiplier.

Our mathematical instinct  recognizes immediately some numbers always divide with fractions over and yet others dived evenly. Mathematicians  calls any number that divides with fractions over a prime. Including one, these numbers happen to be two, three, five seven and nine. That leaves the rest of the single digit numbers, four, six, and eight that divide with no fractions mathematicians called composites. We can see clearly in the answer columns of children's time tables they are all exclusively composite numbers.

The arithmetic has intrigued mathematicians for centuries. If we take zero asking ourselves how many go into itself since zero is nothing anyway is represented by the number zero. So we can say zero divided by zero is zero

In digital electronics a brief surge of current is the number one. A good example is a keyboard keystroke, touch screen or mouse movement and clicks clicks. When there is no signal means the number zero. Zero and one are called bits and as they are a pair is expressed as binary meaning pair.

In binary arithmetic dividing one by one is an arithmetic signal to reset the one back to zero. In other words a touch screen a signal is on when we move the screen and when we don't is no signal. The arithmetic sets zero to a one reset back to zero in a endless resetting of zero and one sequences. In other words zero plus zero is a signal to change the zero to one. The same is true for zero times zero, zero dived zero, or zero takeaway zero constantly resetting zero back to one and the one back to zero.

Eight bits is called a byte meaning there is two hundred and fifty six possible combinations. Our mathematical instinct recognizes straight away  doubling eight bits is multiplied by two is sixteen bites. The total combination of sixteen bites becomes two hundred and fifty six of the eight bits multiplied by itself. Any number multiplied by itself is called a square. Once we learn eight bits doubled the total combination is squared we recognize instinctively doubling every byte constitutes a total of the zero and one bits combination is squared.

We won't have any argument from our math's instinct eight bits doubled equals the combination squared for sixteen bits, sixteen bits doubled a binary combination for thirty two bits and a binary combination for thirty two bits squared equals the total combination of sixty two bits and and so on.

Mathematicians have been intrigued with the number one for centuries. It is because it divides into all numbers both composite and primes. We can see this when ask our mathematical instinct how many ones go one. The instinct knows of course it is only one one. How about the same question into a prime such as three? Our math's instinct tells us of course there are three ones in three.  Over the centuries mathematicians have been intrigued under certain circumstances zero and one work out as primes and other circumstances don't.

The same is true with any composite. Our instinct knows by asking ourselves how many ones go into four. Of course there are four ones in four. We can apply our keen instinct by asking how many fours go into four.  Obviously one four. The same is true with the rest of the composites. Thus one goes evenly in both prime and composites. Our instinct agrees with the statement arithmetic doesn't lie you know. Obviously not just for primes but all numbers that's including all the composites we observe in the answer columns in children's time tables.

We can apply our mathematical instinct asking ourselves what is half of four. Our instinct says of course we get two. It tells us because obviously two two's are four. However if we ask the same question with a prime like five we have a fraction over. The same is true of all primes. If we take a composite like ten we can ask how many, two's ( a prime ) go into it. Our arithmetic instinct tells us because five ( a prime ) two's ( the secondary prime ) are ten because obviously two fives is ten. We can't do this with primes. You can check the arithmetic composites in  the children's times table chart.

If we take the composite number ten from a times ten table dived in half is dividing by two discovering two is a prime. We discover though we can dived two in half that is one. Our mathematical instinct  notices as far as we can dived the composite evenly. The same rule applies to any and all of the rest of the sums in the entire tables. Other wise always a fraction over. If we take three seven's are twenty one ( a composite ) three and seven are the prime factors that add up to the composite. This is true for every sun in the children's time tables. To prove this check out three three's are nine. Nine is a composite because it can be divided by another prime ( three ) with out a fraction over.

Playing round with the children's time table charts we discover we cannot dived evenly any further because we had found prime factors involved in the sum. The children's times table is a double composite number sequences. Take the times two table. In numerical order sequence in the answer column, two zeros are two. two ones are two, two three's are six, two four's are eight, two fives are ten and so on. The same is true with every table. In other words we are adding every two step. We can clearly see this with the rest of the times table.

When we check out times three we can clearly see every step is an addition of threes. We can see this paten when we check out any table such as times seven there is a addition of sevens every step.

If we try the same with three digit composites the arithmetic rules apply. We will discover applied to four digit numbers works just as well. We can apply to five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven.......digit long numbers and we find the prime factors. The only difficulty is such big numbers. There is no limit to the number of digits in a number twenty five, thirty, fifty, a hundred, thousands ten thousand digit numbers even trillion digit long number.

Car batteries

Cars today are run by computers. Replacing batteries is an issue. Ignition, fuel systems and cockpit electrics is digital and digital is voltage polarity ( The positive  +  and negative  -  terminals of the battery) dependent. Not only that, when computer technology is involved there is memory issues involved.

Disconnecting the battery without any consideration with modem cars with improper shut down of the computer electrics can cause memory changes to the computer system from anti theft alarms and immobile devices, airbag fuel, ignition and emission computer controls not to mention any cockpit bells and whistle features any one of which a changed of memory can cause chaos even disable the entire car electrically. Disturbed memory can effect computer controlled steering, engine performances, bodywork features to transition function features.

In some cases a fuse system provides protection for the computer where you may have blown a fuse from the sudden surge of power when you reconnected the battery. In other cases built in electronic surge protection circuitry built in the on board computer mother board making fuse protection redundant that will absorb the sudden surge of power at the reconnection of the battery replacing fuse systems These built in surge protection being an automatic fuse function issue you operating and workshop manuals may have found it not necessary to mention it.

Apart from a surge protection system anything not properly shut down before the battery is disconnected, when reconnecting it can blow fuses or activate urge protection protecting in the on board computer from memory changes. None computerized older vehicles it didn't matter. Care and attention at disconnecting and reconnecting the battery was of no concern.

Although protected by surge protection circuitry or a fuse system if the polarity ( the positive and negative terminals ) of the battery of modern vehicles reconnected wrong way can cause memory changes to some important parts of the system. Even then if connected correctly the sudden disappearance of power when the battery was disconnected can alter a memory not to mention if there is a sudden surge of power at reconnection. By passing rigs of protection systems certainly can do that.

Disconnecting the battery while any cockpit bell and whistle feature like radio, car phone, air bag control air conditioning to any video features, still running will blow fuse and activate surge protection. If the disconnection didn't the sudden resurge of power on reconnection can do it. Check if your car has a fuse system blown fuse somewhere all of them if you have to.

Check your operating manual supplied with the car for any information or if you haven't one a workshop manual of your car is a good alternative of the exact computer details for your model should be referenced to determine if memory has been offset due to fuses or surge protection reset system. There may be reset information where you can reset the cars electrics back to the manufactures default that gets your car running again.  If you have personal settings like radio to air condition the settings may be lost in which case you may need to reprogram these again.

A good source of manuals are local libraries. Look at the Fault finding detail of the settings hop manual of your car. Check for any advice on improper batter disconnection and electronic reset details. Check out the electric pages for any warnings about such matters. Other places of investigation is contacting your car's manufacture in particular any reset to factory default after improper battery disconnection has caused problems.

Check general car computer manuals at local libraries or experts for advice. Good experts are recognized by their attitude obviously you get it straight away the expert has got car computers  running smoothly again hundreds and thousands of times before that they have seen your problem many times.