We are familiar with the view points between Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein's laws of force, motion and gravity. Under Newton gravity is the result of bodies attracting each other and under Einstein shrink space round them. Mass is not supposed to be the same as weight. Sort of.
Under Newton mass is the size of a body resulting in the attractive force magnitude. The next time you are at a supper market weigh a 1kg food packet in you hand. That is the weight of the force of the size of the earth pulling it to the floor. Newton had described this as an inward pulling force while Einstein tells us the earth pulls inward bending space round the entire circumference. In other words your neighbourhood is beending space as much as the neighbourhood on the other side of the world. It varies at different places, at the equator 9.78 Newton's in the vicinity of London is almost exactly 9.81 and at each pole is about 9.32 respectively.
If we a mass reads a 1kg on a scale on earth, the same scale on the moon's surface reads the same mass only 833 grams. In other words a 117 grams lighter than if on earth. This is because the moon's force of gravity is a sixth of earth's. If we do the math's on this equals 5.88N.The same mass in space the scale will give a zero reading.
9.81N is the earth's constant no mater how big or small a body is defining the potential energy of a stationary body like the rest mass of your computer pressing on your desk top right now.
The work and energy of the earth's gravity is dramatically demonstrated when a kilogram is dropped from the roof of a tall sky scraper. The earth's gravity snatches it from zero to 9.81m in a second but stops accelerating to a constant per second there after. If we do the math's 5.16kmph acceleration terminated to a constant per second in a second in straight line straight down the side of the building impacting with the street below. The terminal acceleration is better known by familiar term terminal velocity but terminal acceleration is a better choice to describe it.
Impact with the ground testifies the mass was heavier during free fall than if at rest. The 1kg mass weighed heavier than it's rest mass in the first second to a constant during the fall. Impacts tell us the free fall motion weight has energy known as a kinetic energy testifying to the what a kilogram of butter can do colliding with another body such as the city side wall.
In other words free falling mass is not weightless as we would suppose. When we fall the first second charges us with weight. No doubt the second is fast for us to notice much especially the fright of the initial fall. Impact with the ground transfers the extra weight though the mass including people returning to original rest state in a second.
A feature of impact sold objects tend to not bounce. If we experiment with a solid basket ball will absorb the extra weight while an air filled ball will bounce high in the air doing little damage. The more solid (dense) the more the impact surface absorbs the extra weight of the motion and vice versa less dense the less it's absorbs. Dense bodies will absorb the maximum amount of weight as dissipating though it in a second.
Another feature of free fall just as in space is a tumbling effect. Shapes tend to tumble during motion a block of butter will tend to do. The tumbling effect explains why objects don't hit the ground flat on and tumbling asteroids and the spin of stars and planets.
Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity tells us operating on the principle the force is at work when accelerating hard in a horizontally plane. Roaring drag car take off's tell us that. We often hear boy races boasting their cars pull a few "G-s" or does the "tone". No doubt they are defining the experience of a few kilograms of weight pulling them back into their seats in race competion take offs. A leisurely 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in a couple of seconds is a reasonable acceleration. Imagine 0 to 160 (100mph) in a second, let a lone to light speed.
A classic example of the property of the weigh of bodies in motion are Rolla Coasters. They accelerate down hills, hitting tight bends with out slowing down. The worlds fastest accelerate faster than the worlds fastest racing cars therefore capable of pulling more "Gs".
We experience the high speed motion trying to keep us on a straight line course. The car's weight is forced to curve right and left twist and turns trying to keep them going in a straight line. In other words when we charge direction at speed we feel the weight attempts go straight ahead but changes direction in response to it. Doing loops the weights are at work trying to go straight ahead but forced to change direction every micrometer in each loop.
Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory points out a free fall is a motion which is a gravitational equivalence. Rolla Coaster cars and occupants are heavier than at rest. In other words Einstein had discovered the G-force properties when he thought of a person falling doesn't feel their weight crossed his mind. It is true only until we hit the ground. A person's body mass is heavier with the kinetic energy while in motion dissipating though the person to rest mass on impact with the earth.
Operating on the same principle NASA uses G-force to train astronauts as described by the special theory of reality. When a high altitude aircraft nose dives at great speed everything lifts off the floor in weightlessness including astronauts frolicking about in weightless fun. In other words the plane had become an antigravity machine Einstein realizing was canceling gravity expressed a s gravitational equlelence in other words G-forces at work.
It also works in the opposite direction. If the plane climbs fast enough the floor of the fuselages seems to press harder squeezing everything to it everybody experiencing stomach churning heaviness as if in a heavier gravity.
Formula one racings car manufactures design their cars ultra low and wide profiles because of speeds of up to 300kmph are possible pulling them to the tarmac like glue. Imagine trying to keep stable a twenty year old commercial van at a 160kmp (100mph) on a state highway. The faster the motion the more the G-force acts on a body with a vengeance made worse bodies with high profiles. Imagine a Rolla Coaster hitting the tight bends and looping loops at formulae one race car speed scales. The faster you go the and the higher the body profile the worse it gets.
Einstein's special theory was based on motion on a light speed scale. If we get down to the details light is made of particles called a photon though of as weightless (having no mass). If we understand Einstein's special theory on gravitational equalvence the special theory says gets it from it's velocity.
During writing Einstein thoughts discovered the properties of the maximum speed limit had profound effects on space and time. Since light cannot go any faster than 300,000/s is a constant, c for light speed. Since it is the distance light travels in a second safe bet to called it a light second. Reflecting off the surface of the moon is only a few light seconds from earth. As it takes just under eight minutes for light to travel from the sun to earth, the sun is the nearest star eight light minutes away.
When light enters the earth's atmosphere it is slowed down some what slowed even further though transparent matter like water, glass and prisms. Sold objects decelerate it to a stop it dead stop reverse direction accelerating back though the earth's atmosphere, than once clear accelerates to it's maximum speed limit in a second, all this in less than a few seconds of time.
We view light speed on a sub light speed scale. It is always a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. In hindsight by the time we say "One thousand and one". Using one thousand an one we can become pretty good at judging a distance of a meter a second walk. In other words a meter per second velocity. If we do the math's on this 3.6kmph when we multiply all the seconds of an hour. It demonstrates the distance from the sun to earth is the sum of 300,000km distance every second in eight minutes.
By the time we walk a meter in a second light has traveled 300,000km in the same time. If we apply some more math's we can calculate the distance light traveled we walked by the time a one hour TV program. Within every second light is always three hundred thousand kilometers distance. It cannot be any faster than a distance of that 300,000km in each second.
Our mathematical powerless agrees adding up all the seconds of an hour is a matter of sixty seconds in every minute sixty minutes in an hour. In other words a mathematical expression tells us seconds in a hour equals sixty squared. We can reference from the English or the Greek alphabet or any of the mathematical symbol selection for the seconds of an hour. Kilometers distance in an hour equals equals sixty squared c.
With information of light taking just under eight minutes to reach earth and the light speed constant we can calculate the distance. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a simple matter of adding three hundred thousand kilometers every second in eight minutes. Adding up all the seconds of eight minutes times the light speed constant gives us the distance the sun is from earth. In other words distance from the sun to earth equals sixty times eight three hundred thousand we walk the just over quarter kilometer. ( Four hundred and eighty meters to be exact).
The sunlight we observe now is what the sun was eight minutes ago every second. It would be even longer observing from mars, even longer still from Pluto. The sun's gravity holds Pluto in stable orbit in real time showing the mystery of the sun's gravity faster than light.
The reciprocal of the maximum momentum speed limit of light tells us if we would be three hundred thousand times as fast as the universe. From light speed's point of view the universe should seem to travel three three hundred thousand kilometers, three hundred thousand seconds. If we do the math's on this the universe's second would appear to slow down to a long weekend. In other words three kilometers per second.
The light we observe from mains lighting sources appear as a steady light. If we had x-ray eyes like supper man we would observe every light source looking like water wave ripples radiating from every light source.
It is due to the alternating back and forth of the mains. The mains is alive with positive and voltages alternating sixty times a second the positive voltages pulling the electron current flow one direction and the alternating negative voltage respells them back the opposite direction. The live alternating voltages is the is reason why it can be change into direct current source both positive and negative terminals the electric current flowing in one steady direction from negative to positive. It is only a simple matter of blocking one polarity direction giving the two polarities the same direction for a Direct Current conversion circuit.
The steady light see is the result of to fast for our eyes to detect. We observe high speed helicopter and aircraft propeller blades disappear into a bluer like that. The frequency of the mains lighting throbs from minimum to maximum brightness sixty times per second. The unit is Hertz. (60Hz). Mathematics tells us the reciprocal is the wavelength, sixtieth second. In other words one dived sixty equals 0.016666 of a meter (a sixteen millimeter wavelength). If we apply one dived the wavelength gives us the frequency.
If we were to travel a minute into the future we would be sixty times a fast as the environment second. We would observe the second hand of a clock as slow as we'd normally observe the minute hand the mains lighting sources illuminating the environment minimum and maximum brightness per second, in other words we'd observe it as 1Hz. The reciprocal tells us we'd be in parallel with the environment's 60th second that would seem as slow as a second and minute an hour respectively.
But from the environment's point of view we would appear 60 times as fast as each second and disappeared a minute into the future every second. To us the second hand would appear as slow as we normally observe the minute hand in fact indefinitely until such time we return to normal time.
If we observe the minute hand was to speed up as fast as we observe the second hand from the environment's point of view we'd be viewed 60 times as slow as each second. From our point of view though every environment minute will appear as fast as a second. If we continue for an hour we'd observe every environment hour as fast as every minute environment day, week, month and or years until we return to normal time.
From the environment's point of view we would appear to move 60 times as slow as normal. Imagine what it would be like to observe the hour hand of a clock sped up as fast as we normally view the second hand. With a bit of mathematics projects the environment's point of view we'd move 3,600 times as slow than normal. If we observe the environment day pass as a second the environment would observe us moving 86,400 times as slow.
If we observe a week, a month, or a year as fast as a second the environment would observe us move as equally as slow. In a way this is how we observe park statues. Form their point of view a trillion centuries would pass less than a second. Time has no meaning to billion year old fossils.
Some of us believe if we travel at light speed time stops. We have to accelerate to get there from normal time first.
Lets see what happens if we accelerate and come to a stop in a distance of a 160km (100 miles) in a second. In effect we start off from stationary. We would observe the environment second pressed into that distance. As we take off the environment's time should start to slow down slowly at first and speed up slowing down faster and faster as we approach time to brake. From the environment's point of view we may vanished out of sight or at lest look stretched like a rubber band a distance of 80km (50 miles) in half a second.
From our point of view is the point we brake decelerating back to a stop. At this point the environment is slowed down 80 times as slow as we'd normally view the environment's time. As we brake hard another 80kmph distance in half second to a stop the environment's time should start to speed up slowly at first getting faster and faster till we arrive back a second into the future a 160kmph away where we started. From the environment's point of view though the whole maneuver may look like we stretched like a rubber band snapping back to normal a 160km away by the time an observe says one thousand and one.
If we do the math's on light speed scale since we cannot go any faster than 300,000km distance in a second we could only accelerate a 300,000km distance in a second max. Like we took off to 80kmph, as we take off for light speed we would reach the deceleration point 150.000km distance in half second. The environment's time should start to slow down slowly at first getting slower and slower till it reaches 150,000 times as slow as the environment.
From the environment's point of view we may appear vanish out of sight or at lest look stretched like a rubber band a distance of 150,000km in that half second. From our point of view is the point we brake decelerating back to a stop.
At this point the environment my look slowed down 150,000 times as slow as we'd normally view the environment's time. As we brake hard another 150,000kmph distance in half second to a stop the environment's time should start to speed up slowly at first getting faster and faster till we arrive back a second into the future 300,000kmph away where we started. From the environment's point of view though the whole maneuver we may look as if stretched like a rubber band snapping back to normal a total 300,000km away by the time an observer says one thousand and one.
If we do the math's on a light speed scale 300,000 seconds is just short of a long weekend. In other words we'd observe every environment second as long weekend. Since light speed is at it's maximum momentum we should not be able to observe the environment's time any slower. It would be the slowest point we could observe time slow down.
If we continue with the math's time is still moving and in the normal forward direction. If we slow down towards normal time the environment's time should accelerate back up as we return to the time time.
If we were traveling at light speed we would be in parallel with light speed. What would it look like? Currently at our sub light speed level we observe sunlight as a sheet of steady light every second just as we see the frequency of the mains lighting as a steady light.
Traveling at light speed we would probably observe sunlight light as we don't know on a Planck scale slowed down to a second. In other words we should observe light as slow as we normally view it in our sub light speed time.
The steady light as we know it is an energy traveling in parallel with us. Quantum physics tells us we could observe actual particles called Photons alternating in and out of space and time. They may look like an infinite number as far as our eyes can see in every direction. At light speed every individual photon should be slowed down disappearing and reappearing as if by magic in a meter every second.
Mathematics predicts our current sub light speed we are just viewing the action the reciprocal of a Planck scale. In other words, an energy equal to ten to the forty three hertz , ten to the minus forty three meters per second.
Physicists tell us that light is both particle and a waveform. It is only a tiny part of the universe's electromagnetic radiation we can't see from microwaves rays to inferred. When we press our remote control unit buttons to our entertainment equipment inferred beams ray out to the appliance sensor. Classical physics tells us all electromagnetic radiation follows a certain linear path. The mains for example is a alternating electrical current only many millions of times faster than sixty times a second.
According to classical physics waving particles like a pendulum swing accelerate to a maximum distance slow down to a stop, reverse direction, accelerate again decelerate to a stop reverse direction repeating the cycle many times per second.
The unit the frequency per second in hertz the standard metric system tells us kilo for a thousand times Mega for a million times, Giga for a thousand million times and tetra for a billion times, Kilohertz, Megahertz, Gigahertz and Terahertz frequencies ( Hz, KHz, MHz, GHz and THz ) respectively. Our radio remote control units been radio wave frequencies a little above the mains power line frequency.
The maximum distance of each cycle is the wavelength. look at the divisions of a typical school ruler. They measure the thickness of a typical ball point pen line about a millimeter across. Technical engineering rulers will measure the thickness of a typical news paper sheet about a micrometer thick.
These are Mili- (mill lee ) for a thousand, micro- for a millionth, nano- for a thousand millionth and Pico- for a billionth of a meter respectively. Looking at a example a we see the relationship of a micrometer is correspondingly a megahertz frequency. The law of mathematics tells us one dived a Megahertz and one dived a micrometer is a megahertz and so on. What this means a wavelength equals one divide the frequency and correspondingly frequency equals one divide the wavelength respectively In other words any frequency and wavelength are relative reciprocals of each other.
Light being made up of particles move back and forth like a pendulum swing many times per second giving light it's waveform characteristics. We are familiar with Isaac Newtown's famous discovery prisms separating the colors of the rainbow straight from white light. Red is the longest wavelength (or lowest frequency) we can observe of light while violet (a purple blue) is the shortest (or highest frequency). No color is any shorter than a nanometer meter or longer than a micrometer. In other words the entire color wavelengths we observe fits inside the width of a news paper sheet.
Wavelengths longer than the visible red are the invisible inferred range we can't see any more only inferred cameras can see. Inferred camas can see it and the heat radiation from a freshly solidified lava flow in the middle of a dark night we can't see as black body radiation. So to a freshly put out camp fire. They can see the heat radiation from anything from those to with a beating heart.
Lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) are commercial radio and Television transmition station signals, telecommunication, wireless (WFi) internet and radar wavelengths no longer than a millimeter. Longer wavelengths are cosmic up to a kilometer believed to be the remaining left over background radiation from the so call big bang that has supposed to have created our universe.
At the other end of the visible spectrum wavelengths shorter than visible violet it's invisible Ultra violet (UV) radiation that tans our skin. X- Rays are higher in frequency. The wavelength are as short as few nanometers (or Gighertz frequencies). Higher frequencies are gamma ray wavelengths produced in the heart of all stars, sun flairs and nuclear explosions.
The maximum speed limit we refer to visible light includes the entire electromagnetic radiation from the kilometer long wavelength to the picometer short wavelengths of gamma rays. They travel a maximum distance of 300,000km in a second.
Mathematicians had a problem predicting the frequency range. It couldn't pan out quite right. Stone cold ion bars deflecting light light we see must be radiating light since we can see the iron bar.
When heated it radiates purple and blue colors changing into orange yellow and red when almost molten. Theoretically there should be some gamma ray radiation. The sun's predicted an infinite range of frequencies. This meant a common camp fire or molten lava as powerful as a nuclear explosion, gamma ray energy incinerating the environment, earth and the universe a long time ago. But they don't. There seems to be a maximum limit. In the old days was known as the Ultra violet light catastrophe problem these days as a gamma ray catastrophe.
In 1900 a German Physicist Max Planck working on the problem of Ultra Violet light Catastrophe enounced he discovered a solution. Energy wasn't an infinity smooth variation but comes in tiny packets called quanta. In other words time, matter, energy (includes light) and mass was quantum. It is a constant 34 decimal zeros on the left of 6626068 a total of a 43 decimal number. Scientific notation is said to be 6 point 626068 times ten to the minus 43. Thus 6.626068 × 10-43 equals 0.0000000000000000000000000000626068).12 zeros is a billionth (a Pico-) 18 is a trillionth. (atto-)
Mathematics tells a reciprocal is the same number of zeros on the right of the same number, a total of a 43 digit number for the positive value. In other words just by removing the minus sign gives equals the number of minus values in a second. Adding it in gives the minus value. (So if 6.626068 × 10-43 equals 0.00000000000000000000000000006626068, then 6.626068 × 1043 equals 626,068,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. 12 zeroes is a billion, a tera-, and 18 is trillion).
Quantum Physics tells us each photon of light tunnels though space on a Planck scale. In other words disparagers and reappears the Planck distant in the minus value the same constant in a second in. Thus light has a Quantum jump the the number of times the Planck constant positive value frequency. The wavelength of a gamma ray for example is made ten to the Planck constant steps just as a kilometer long radio wavelength.
Einstein's published another paper in 1905 solving the puzzling effect why sunlight can produce a significant amount of electric current in a conductor. He had realized Max Planck was onto something when he announced his Planck scale in 1900. Einstein pointed out if Planck was right mater, energy, mass and time was on a discrete fixed packets (quota) there is no reason why not to apply to light. As light is thought of as waves low frequency photon waves will have low kinetic energy, while the high frequencies have higher kinetic energies.
This explains why inferred radiation produces virtually no electric power but UV rays from the sun can produce a significant amount. Albert Einstein's photo electric effect paper explains how modern solar cells work. There are electronic toy kit set projects for children to assemble using little solar cells demonstrating the power of sunlight t5hat will generate a significant amount of electronic current to run a little toy kitset radio set to an tiny electric motor. Operating on the principle with larger cells can run model railway systems off the frequency of the UV radiation from the sun.
CD players use thick red laser beams which means a low frequency reading these discs. Being very thick and low frequency there is a limited amount of space and a high power drain on the appliance as well. DVD is a modified CD technology that allowed the bean to be less thick due to a little higher in frequency increasing the amount of data space in the disc offering lower power drain advantage at the sometime. Blue ray is the next step up a very thin blue beam which means a high frequency low power drain laser.
How the photoelectric effect works is found in the law of electrical engineering telling us the terminals of common touch and pen light cells are created by removing some of the electron orbits of neutral atoms creating domineering positive atoms, (called ions) and the same number of electrons crowed onto to orbits of other atoms stored in the opposite terminal creating domineering positive and negative atoms in each terminal. The combined effect is a live positive and negative voltage that does not flow only live one terminal marked with a red plus sign for positive and the other a black minus sign for negative.
An electric current is establish when a load is in parallel with the terminals. The electrons in the domineering negative terminal are attracted by the nearest positive voltages in the load repelled by the nearest negative voltage direction to the positive terminal. As the electrons balance each terminal towards neutral the battery has run out.
Operating on the principle the high energy of the high frequency in electromagnetic radiation in light each photon can knock out electron orbits creating domineering positive and negative atoms as static electric charges. The continues electromagnetic radiation will result in a continues static discharge flow to the nearest negative to positive flow directions. Einstein assumed the kinetic energy of each photon was doing work and energy on a Planck scale in the metal.
These day there are children's electronic kit set projects using toy solar cells as the electrical power source demonstrating the photoelectric effect from running a crystal set to an electric motor straight from the sunlight shinning into their bedroom window. A rather more sophisticated design in the hands of someone with electrical engineering skills can design a solar powered model railway. Not too, using a water wheel can design a model power station complete with model pylons transporting the electric power.
No battery or mains, just light and a model water wheel as a power station generating the electric power. Slot car tracts in the roads can be used to add a more realistic effect of road traffic movement. Just imagine a working model of a motorway all from the light streaming from the sun shinning on a bunch of solar cells.
It is a common belief gravity slows time. It goes without saying for a black hole. It is believed people at street level age slower than those on the top floors of city sky scrapers. A second at street level is a few microseconds slower than the top floors of towers. Thus the closer to the center of gravity the slower time is. In other words we can look at it the other way the further away from the center of gravity the faster time flows meaning a second at on the top floor of towers is a few microseconds faster than street level.
As we ascend a tower from street level we are moving away from ground level gravity aging faster. As we descend down from the top floor we are acceding back down to the ground level gravity aging slower as we go. In other words each second is compressed shorter by a few microseconds and vice versa stretched a few microseconds longer again as we descend back down towards ground level gravity.
Operating on the principle time flows faster away from a gravitational filed than close to one. If a person travels a great distance from earth time changes faster and returning to earth time changes slower back the person aging slower and slower catching up to present time back on earth. Time is changed in both directions going faster away just as equally going closer towards any gravitational field.
Einstein general theory tells us the mass of stars and planets collapses space round their circumferences. The mass of the earth is said to be 18 trillion metric tones heavy resulting in the two opposite poles each bending space equally inward, in fact every cubic micrometer right down to your own back yard. Your neighborhood is bending it just as the neighborhood directly the other side of the world. The air we breath is trapped between it's surface and the bent round the entire circumference.
Think of the water pressure of the deepest ocean trench in the world deep in the Marians. Down there enough pressure to crush submersibles like a bug the molten magma underneath under the same pressure moving on the magma's fluidness. The earth's mass causing billions of tones per cubic meter of weight on top causes the earth's crust to move on the fluidness causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Some of us believe the effects of Einstein's special theory results in time travel and the effects of the general theory predicts black holes capable of tunneling space from one side of the universe to the other.
The catalysts is largely concerned with the mechanical forces that alter space and time. To the lay person the smallest amount of time is the moment we say "One thousand and one". It is the moment we locate a pencil, a person passes by, light travels just under three hundred thousand kilometers, walk a meter, the hand of an analogue clock moves a division and the length of time digital clock number counting the seconds pauses. This moment is made up of 60 increments (a minute ) 60 minutes in an hour a total of 3,600.
Every date change of the calendar occurs every 12 midnight, the hour hand of a clock moves two full circles in that time one for AM and the other PM respectively a totally 86,400 seconds light hand traveled every 300,000km distance. Mathematics tells us every second is the reciprocal meaning one dived 86,400 In other words 300,000km is 86,400th of a day.
If we take the first second Monday morning to the last second the following Sunday night is a total of all the seconds of a week (The seconds of a day times 7). The calendar is different days for each month, all the seconds of a day times 365 days of a year totals all the seconds of a year the first second of new years morning to the last second New years eve 12 moths latter.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every fourth February leap year we can add up all the seconds of every decade, century, millennia (a thousand years) million, a billion even trillions of centuries every second a distance of 300.000km. Einstein's general theory was conceived during the second year of world war one, telling us the mass of bodies deform space and time.
This deformity depends on two catalysis the action of mass and motion. Mass provides gravity while light speed provides the motion. Lets use the mass of a black hole. Light speed is not a high enough escape velocity. Nobody knows if there is any escape velocity. We can only speculate just over a fraction over light speed. Who knows?
Near a black hole the gravity dampen down the wavelength. (Or the frequency) Imagine gamma ray frequencies damped down to cosmic background radio wavelength level by it mass. For example the maximum frequency of the cosmic radiation gamma rays in the THz (terahertz) frequency weighed down to a 1km long radio wave. In other words a Picometer wavelength to as long as a kilometer. This means the entire electromagnetic radiation including visible light to just this one single wavelength a kilometer long wavelength.
A black hole is the pure gravity on a Planck scale that defines ten to the 1043 x 6.28 in diameter the same value in the positive value in metric tones metric tones heavy called a singularity. According to Einstein's general general theory space should be pulled round the entire circumference. The black void hiding it is the result of the electromagnetic wavelength orbiting it at what velocity scale is anybody's, the outer edge called the event horizon.
Time inside the black void of the event horizon may equally be on a Planck scale accordance to the Planck scale of the singularity. In other words for every second of the universe 1043 seconds inside the event horizon.
Time is not stopped. We only observe it to slow to observe moving like the times the minute and hour hands circling the circle of analogue clocks. We observe the second hand move every division circling a full circle. For every full circle the minute hand only moves a division.
Correspondingly by the time the minute hand had moved a full circle the hour hand had only moved a division. The hour hand moves two full circles every date change for a day. For every moment in time the hour and minute hands will appear frozen in time. The same amount of time the numbers of digit clocks pause. If we do the math's a date change for every day is 86,400 times as slow as a second, an hour 3,600 and a minuet 60 and inversely vice versa a second as fast as each hand moving each for each division.
In other words every date change for each day 86,400 times as slow as every second. Taking the first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second 12 midnight Sunday night we can add up all the seconds of a week. We can add up all the seconds of each calendar month but all the seconds of a day multiplied by the 365 days of the year.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every forth February leap year, we can add up all the seconds of a decade, a century, a milliner (thousand years) millions, billions even in trillions of centuries of time.
From what we have learnt monition weighs the entire electromagnetic radiation compressing the distance it travels we view at sub light speed. Since it travels a distance of 300,000km the maximum momentum speed limited, if we to view the universe from a light speed point of view we'd observe the distance the universe travels in a second would be a kilometer. Time should not go any slower. Otherwise we need to travel faster.
Another way is found in Einstein's general theory of relativity. The heart of the theory where mass of bodies shrink space round them similar to the tonnage of a submarine displacing the water round them the water pressure compressing inwards in every direction. The water pressure in the deepest deep sea trench on earth the Marinas trench will implode submersibles like a bug.
The Planck scale being a constant tells us the very center of a black hole ( the singularity ) a Planck length in the minus value in meters across is the absolute smallest length of the universe the positive value the absolute heaviest in kilograms. (or if in kilotons a 40 digit number ). Math's porjects the finite value of a Planck scale tells us nothing can be any smaller or as heavy. The Planck scale is the absolute limit.
For light to travel the distance of a Planck length (for the minus value in a meter ) theoretically time would be on a Planck second in the minus value giving us time on a Planck scale. Theoretically to observe a minus Planck second we would have to travel on a Planck scale. Theoretically we would need a velocity on a Planck scale a Planck unit in the positive value in kilometers per second. (or a 40 digit number in kmph)
In 1935 Einstein, and a couple of colleges Boris Podolskv and Nathan Rosen teamed up to published paper questioning the validity of quantum physics that Einstein's general theory of opening a hornets next of wormholes.
The trio was not happy with quantum physics. As far as they were concerned it moonshine nonsense atomic particles able to be two places at the same time influencing each other at a distance. Isaac Newtown's law bodies attracted to each other defining gravity as an example of an what is a action at a distance.
We are remaindered of the chaos theory a butterfly effect we have all heard about that tells us a violent storm is determined by a butterfly take off on the other side of the world. A clear example under Newtown's definition, the sun's mass attracts all the planets at various distances as far as Pluto in real time. In other words instantaneously which meant Einstein's displeasure of the idea the the sun's gravity is faster than light. The trio decided to put to rest the silly assumptions to rest once and for all.
Operating on the principle of Einstein's general theory it wasn't hard for the trio to imagine a star with a mass so heavy a deep well would to steep for light speed. An idea was formed of the likelihood of a dark star in one part of the universe, and another in another remote lactation was feasible the weight of each stare distorting deep wells linked with each other. In other wards like a pair kitchen funnels spouts linked into each other were light light could flow into one opening and exit the other. The geometry can be very clear when we think of looking into one open end of the kitchen funneled while a torch beam shines in the opposite opening.
According to Newtonian gravity, is just mass pulling everything to it but Einstein's opinion light speeds momentum maintained by the steepness of the deep well. According to Newton the mass of each universe should pull on the link opposite directions in each universe on each side of the link like a tug of war on a rope collapsing them apart.
Never the less the resulting theory become known as the Einstein, Podolvsk, Rosen bridge. In other words a wormhole path though the dimensions of space like a winding worm hole in an apple. Another idea has emerged if a black hole spins on a light speed scale. We would immediately think of the potential centrifugal force. But it's not uniform.
The law of circular motion tells us centrifugal force is less powerful near the center meaning the spin will have negotiable effect if not no force at all on the central pivot point in the center of the circling motion. The only significant force would be the outer edge. In other words the centrifugal-force is not the same as in the edge.
Imagine the event horizon (The out edge of a black hole) spinning at light speed or at lest on a Planck scale speed. It's hard to image a spinning pin prick of the singularity will have any significant centrifugal force even spinning on a Planck scale. All the force would be concentrated in the event horizon against the mass of the singularity.
So far there is no discovery of any stable wormhole the occurs naturally exists in the universe. All the hype is only circumstantial. The universe has had over 14 billion years to come up with a stable wormhole on it's own by now.
The creation appears to be blocked by the Quantum physic idea of an uncertainty principle. The uncertainty was published by a German theoretical Physicist in the late 1920's by a Werner Heisenberg who proposed the prediction of the behavior of atoms is far less predictable than his fellow physics think.
Mathematics can predict a solution to any problem when we know two states where the law of mathematics can then proceed to predict the third state. Knowing the speed and time of a motor vehicle for example the law of mathematics can project four sums from the same equation.
Our mathematical instinct agrees speed, equals the time multiplied by the distance, equals the distance multiplied by the time, where time equals the distance divided by the speed and the distance equals the speed divided by the time respectively. But the heart of the matter is the illogical behavior of the atomic particles causing unpredictable state concerns.
In the quantum world there is only know one and not the other to predict the outcome. Think of this we were only given the speed of a motor vehicle. To know the distance the given speed of the vehicle cannot be known.
