Light speed

Fifty years ago CBS studios producing the original science fiction TV series Stare Trek wanted it creditable for a Star Ship to exceed the speed of light. Unfortunately it was common knowledge we can't or at lest Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a key roll telling us the physics says it can't be done.
Some believed time would stop. CBS was advised by their scientific advisers with a plan that had become known in the Trekie world as warp drive in Star Wars called hyper drive. At the end of the credit themes at the beginning of every Star trek episode, including the Next Generation, and Voyager, the ships would stretch like a rubber band and snap forward disappearing into infinity. In the Star Wars movies audiences got a first hand panoramic front set view though Hans Solo's ship's Cockpit window. Also the British TV series Doctor who visual effects in the main theme. These were the visions of what it would be like at light speed.
The idea of the original Star Trek was to involve the engines carefully mixing antimatter with matter. what's antimatter?
Well.......about eighty years ago a theoretical proposal by an English Physicist Paul Diac matter has an opposite mirror image of itself. Image editor programs make this clear enough using the negative tool on any photo. You can switch from normal to the negative view and back. Normal views is a good analogy of matter and the negative view antimatter.
The idea came to Diac from the crowing study of the particle physics of the atom called Quantum physics. The atom was seen as a cloud of particles racing round round a central particles on a light speed scale. These are called electrons seen as having a negative electrical charge and a core particle ( Nucleus ) called a proton a positive charge. Daic proposed what if it was possible positively charged electrons and negatively charged protons exiting.
In the law of physics opposite charges react to each other. We can see this in action with magnets. We all find out about magnetism playing round with magnets discovering not only do they stick to one another but equally push each other away with some considerable equal force. A bar magnet free to swing in a sling acts as a campus.  Allowed to swing freely will align themselves across the earth's north and south poles. One end "pushes" away from the north pole while the other end is "pulled" to the south pole in equal strengths lining up in that direction. Thus North and south seeking poles exist in all magnetic fields from horseshoe to spheres.
Operating on the same principle the possessiveness of the protons are repelled by the  positive charge of the neighboring protons and electrons are equally repelled by the negative charge of neighboring electrons. In other words like charges occupying the same space repel each other. However the two opposite charges are attracted to each other. In the nineteen twenties lead by Niels Borhr there was a great deal of debate about why the electrons are not attracted collapsing into the positive charge of the nucleus. A classical physics view point tells us the collapse is prevented by the theory of light speed scale momentum forces generated on the electrons racing round it preventing them from flying away. The two opposing forces are well balanced holding the atom from crushing into the nucleus and from exploding apart. In
In Borhr contended electrons jump from orbit to orbit. Because their is a closest orbit there is no orbit to jump into. Thus cannot jump into the nucleus. What ever the case maybe the current theories how matter is held together.
Exactly the same processes holds antimatter together. The theory is if antimatter and mater is mixed the repelling forces of the positive protons in matter and the positive forces of the electrons in antimatter occupy the same space. In effect like charges. In theory all the like charges will repel each other. The same The result would be a light speed scale in illation In other words a dangerous mix. To prevent this from  happening the Enterprises engines were designed to control the antimatter matter mix matter using the forces to  eliminate inertia from the Enterprise making it equally in a weightless state as stationary when engaged in warp drive. What's inertia?
Isaac Newton's laws of force and motion " Where there is a force ( an acceleration ) there is an equal and opposite force acting on it"  sheds some light on why light light is finite even when there is no resistance to oppose it. It  takes a second to travel just under three hundred thousand kilometers. In terms of kilometers per hour  0 to ten thousand and eighty million kilometers in a second acceleration. We don't have to be Einstein's to realize the significance of what lay people expresses as a G-force property. Mathematicians used to reason the consequence of assuming no resistance in space relative to zero meant light must be infinite. Physicists contributed most of this to being weightless. ( Having no mass ). Yet despite encountering no resistance a consensus believes it's as fast as it can go. It doesn't travel any faster than just under three hundred thousand kilometers per second.
Most of us are familiar with the term G-force, you know, the force that shoves people back into muscle car seats in high speed acceleration take off's. Albert Einstein realized a horizontal gravity in motion called gravitational equivalence. We can all feel the potential energy of the earth's mass pulling on a kilogram suspended over the ledge of the top floor of a tall sky scrapper pulling on it. If we let go, the earth's mass snatches it to a meter in a second and stops accelerating before it passes the first floor top floor, a meter in a second to be exact, free falling a meter per second constant velocity. In other words acceleration is terminated in a meter in a second.
If we drop a two kilogram block over the side it will accelerate twice the distance in the same second. If four kilos, twice the distance as two kilos in the same second. And eight? Twice that distance of four kilos in the same second. In other words they all accelerate different distances at the same amount of time. In other words acceleration is always the same. Terminal acceleration is the point of maximum momentum speed limit. They will not be able to travel any faster.
Mathematicians have equated the capital latter P as the symbol, the first letter of mass ( the unit kilogram ) and velocity. Four equation solutions tell us the  maximum momentum speed limit ( P ) equals mass  times velocity. The law of mathematics tells us equals velocity  times mass, velocity equals momentum over  mass and mass equals momentum over velocity. ( over is a math's term for divide ). P= mv.   P=vm,   v=P/m   and   m=P/v   respectively.
Kilogram is the unit of force of the earth's pull. One kilogram is the force of nine point eight Newton's. Our free falling kilogram mass has the mass to over come the air resistance a feather has not the earth's mass can't accelerate any faster. If we do the math's in terms of kilometers per hour works out to be three point six kilometers per hour. In other words a three point six kilometer per hour kilogram of kinetic energy.  It is the equivalent distance it would travel in the time of an hour long TV program. Despite a light breeze the kilogram tumbles down the side of the building bulldozing it's way though the air at the constant speed. Proof of kinetic energy when it finally collides with the immovable mass of the street bellow.
Meanwhile the breeze catches the father fluttering for kilometers gently settling somewhere because the mass is less than several milligrams. If there was a bag load equal to a kilogram the bag of feathers and the solid kilogram would collide with the street simultaneously. All body's have a maximum momentum speed limit, a reflection of Isaac Newtown's laws of force and motion laws called inertia, lay people understand better by the term "G's. ( G-force ).
Newton must have realized an inbuilt property body's have at resisting changes in acceleration. The harder a body is accelerated the more this force pulls it back. If Newtown was alive today he would agree a vehicle takes several seconds to change eighty kilometers per hour, ( fifty miles an hour hour if you like ) to a hundred and sixty. ( a hundred miles an hour ). The slow acceleration is because of the inertia of the vehicle resisting the change in velocity. Once maximum speed is reached the vehicle can never go ay faster no matter the peddle to the metal.
We don't have to be Einstein's to imagine the consequences stationary to ten thousand and eighty million kilometers per hour in a second what the G's must be like at that acceleration. We don't have to be geniuses  to realize everything would be squash like a bug under many tones of G-force in that time. Sounds familiar to a current belief what happens inside back holes. We can almost see the significance behind Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity prediction motion on a light speed scale shrink bodies in the direction of travel and distorts space and time.
Imagine what would happen if there was no terminal acceleration. ( or terminal velocity if you like ). Velocity is a term I personally avoid because it implies a fixed speed. Imagine the distance in time if light didn't stop accelerating. ( not infinite velocity but Infinite acceleration I call it ). Every thing must have a terminal acceleration point we can appreciate controlled by G's in this case ten thousand and eighty million kilometers per hour preventing light from going infinite and what keeps light stuck at it's constant velocity.
The Enterprise's engines are designed like nuclear power stations controlling nuclear meltdown controlling antimatter mix with matter using the repelling forces of the like charges occupying the same space to generate a equivalent a reversing G-force on the forward going acceleration on the reversing G's as the Enterprise shoots forward. In other words the CBS scientific advisers had proposed illuminating the reversing G's of the forward going motion of the Enterprise making it as weightless as if it was motionless when when it was accelerated to light a forward going speed scale.
It also helped to solve others problems.
The heat we feel on a bicycle pump pumping up a tire is not from friction you know. We are feeling the air pressure inside the pump. Traveling at light speed the G's can generate heat comparable to the surface of the sun. In other words on a light speed scale under money tones of G-force a body would be crushed and incinerated as if equal to the gravitational field on the surface of the sun the conditions that keeps it shinning. We'd think the G-forces on a light speed scale may be enough to trigger nuclear fission needed to create a star. In proposing illuminating inertia from the enterprises  motion we only need to think of what Einstein said about the G's going infinite why we can't accede light speed. The consequences would be a equally infinite heat. Light traveling at a finite velocity means a finite amount of G's and heat that cannot cannot be any stronger.
Our free falling kilogram testifies it experiences the force of the earth's mass pulling it to the ground. Finally the G's  is so great it can't be accelerated any father terminating the acceleration to a constant velocity. Any collisions during fall testifies to a kenotic energy stored in it. Einstein and Newton specially Einstein must have recognized the consequences of the inertia in his1905 special theory of relativity as a gravitational equivalence us lay understand better appreciate simply as G's in this case in the straight line motion of light. Boy racers testify to feeling a couple of kilograms weighing them down into their seats in high speed muscle car hi-jinks. They often skite their cars can pull a few G's. Our free falling kilogram was heavy with inertia ( or G-force ) on impact with the street. The weight of the inertia dissipated though the kilogram to rest mass in a second. Most boy racers are not prepared for unexpected out of control spins G for can produce. High speed hi-jinks can be very violent to control. It is easy to loose control. It is very tiring on race car drivers why running from the law will tire them out.
We feel the same G's in fast accelerating roller coaster rides. A few kilograms of weight pulls us back into our seats in powerful straight line acceleration take off's, down hill acceleration runs and when we hit those tight twist and turns with out slowing down. Hitting the turns the G's obeys Newtown law of straight line resisting states of change. A sudden high speed turn maneuver has it's consequences. We feel the G's trying to force our coaster to go straight ahead forced to take the curve at speed. Albert Einstein in his 1915 general theory of relativity contended the forces stars and planets distorts space replacing Newtown's gravity and distorting space and time in what is expressed as gravity waves.
If we weigh a kilogram on a scale on the moon mathematics predicts as the moon's mass is a sixth of earth will show about eight hundred and thirty three grams lighter weighing in at a total of a hundred and sixty six grams. In orbit round the earth or in deep space the scale would read nothing. A vacuum on the moon means no resistance to both the hundred and sixty grams and the almost weightless feather fall and hit the surface at the same time.
Mathematics tells us if light travels just under three hundred thousand kilometers per second in a vacuum limit tells us travels the fixed distance every second the distance light travels. It is the time we say one thousand and one, the time a second hand of analogue clock moves a division, the delay of time the second of a digital time pieces and we walk a meter.
Mathematics tells us the standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer so there will be three million meters in three hundred thousand kilometers. If you like doing the math's the same proportion applies to miles and feet if you like. What I'm saying, by the time we walk just one meter light had traveled three million meters. Math's tells us the reciprocal ( one divide any number ) tells us light  travels a kilometer in three hundred thousandth of of a second. The standard metric prefix milli for a millisecond tells us thirty milliseconds. It projects travels a meter in three hundred millionth second proving three hundred million meters in one second we walk a meter in the same time.
When Einstein was only sixteen a though crossed his mind "What would it be like to ride on a beam of light"? In other words he was asking what would it would be like to travel in parallel with light speed.?
Think of traveling on a state highway in parallel with surrounding traffic at the same speed. From our point of view inside our car the surrounding vehicles are stationary the scenery passing us front to back. From the road side point of view everything passes every stationary point at speed traveling the  opposite direction we see from inside our car. Operating on the principle we can see the significance if we could view the universe from a light speed point of view.
Everybody agrees mass ( gravity ) plays a major roll in slowing time. We only need to reflect on the current belief of the center of black holes. According to current belief, time in outer of space earth is relatively faster than at sea level on earth because of the earth's mass even slower on the surface of Jupiter let a lone the sun. Time on the top floor of a sky scrapper is a few microseconds ( millionth second ) faster than street level. Albert Einstein must have seen the significance of motion producing G's slow time.

Geting small engines running smoothly again. Bolt on units. Mottor scooters. Gokarts. Marine outbouards.

The first thing we all tend to is check the spark of the spark plug. I guess that's as good a any place to start.  Before you start safety first. Don't take any risks. Clear away all flammable material well out of the way. Check there is no leaking fuel dripping over the engine.

Once the plug is removed examine the tip. The electrode tell us a lot. They can be bone dry indicating fuel starvation , bone dry and sooty a sign of a far to rich fuel or wet and oily a sign of excessive crank case oil. With experience you'll learn to recognize those signs to a normal condition.

Reconnect the high tension cap shorting the plug electrode onto any part of the metal. The cylinder head fins are typical electrical.

Crank over the engine.

If no spark test a couple of known good spares to illuminates a faulty plug.

If there is still no spark or not happy with a week and spindly looking one check electrical terminals are not on there way out. Check the cap inside and out connections. Check wiring and electrical plug in connectors. Broken contacts rotting and cracked insulation can leak some electrical current away from the plug to earth likely the cause of the week looking spark. Shrivelled up and old looking insulation can do it. If by any chance previously worked on check fibre, rubber and plastic washers that should not have been there causing improper insulation. Check for improper electrical contacts that should not be there too. Check loose terminal and frayed wires. Overall if brand new looking wiring  is anything to go by, is a good yard stick to the condition of what good wiring should be. A good tidy up won't do any harm.

If there is a strong spark the next step is to check fuel. Load some fuel into a empty oil can and squirt a generous amount into the spark plug hole. Keep vagrant with potential inflammable liquids well away from your work area. Replace the plug and cap and start the engine.

The engine should attempt to run. Any problems it shouldn't run properly petering out to a stop in a few seconds. There is a good chance if you have a four stroke engine there is some mechanical problems with valves not working properly. Spiting back as if  electrical misfire is a sign of a inlet value burnt out. Burnt out exhaust values can do it. Don't take that for granted just yet though at lest until you complete the fuel tests to be sure it's only fuel problems.

The next step is to recheck the condition of the plug again. Remove it. if it's bone dry tells you to investigate a fuel line problem. Safety first disconnect the plug from the cap and make sure the fuel tap is turn off. Don't take any risks with the spark plug cap dangling anywhere near the fuel line parts.

Disconnect the fuel line and turn on the tap and observe if fuel pours out. If it doesn't don't take any risks immediately close. If a traditional carburetor there is a good chance it is just the float needle valve reassembled upside down from previous work on it chocking off the fuel supply.

Again safety first by keeping the fuel cock is turned off. If the engine design allow it remove the bottom of the float bowel. When you turn on the fuel cock fuel will attempt to pure out of the float needle hole. Don't take any risks immediately shutting off the fuel tap again.

Testing and finding out which way it goes back replace the float needle holding up with a finger and turn on the tap. Very gently let it drop a bit. If it doesn't leek fuel repeat the experiment the float needle the opposite way. It should leek fuel. Observing the contours of the needle helps determine which way it goes back in.

A simple xhtml stylesheet template

Below is a basic skeleton of html 4's  xhtml's  Cascading Style Sheet ( CSS ). It consists of  html, head style type, a p ( paragraph ) beside a couple of paralyses, body and the p between inward pointing brackets. It is quick and simple template anybody can mark up in a note pad in less than a few minutes.

< head>
< style type="text/css">
p   {  }
< /style>
< body>
< p>Paragraph displayed

< /body>
< /html>

Note the right leaning slashes. An important rule tells us anything typed inside any of the outward pointing brackets and the paralyses are not displayed. The only things that are, outside and between the inward pointing brackets as shown by the paragraph tags in the body section. The template begins with an html declaration begins body, begins style type, ends style, begins body, begins paragraph ends paragraph, ends body and ends html and so on.
The style type is a declaration of an embedded style sheet. With out it browsers ignore all formatting. An option the old style html 4 in line style using CSS formatting inside the paragraph brackets on the right of the letter called in line.  Another option is a link to a separate a note pad where  the same formatting format formats dozens pages all the same time called external style sheets. In the eternal type embedded declaration is replaced with a link declaration like this The name of the note pad is named Styleheet.CSS.txt.
Formatting and layout is inserted between the paralyses (   {  }  )  in the  head section and the display element inserted between outward pointing brackets inserted bellow body in the body section. If formatting and layout doesn't work properly examining your code you will find layout attributes brackets typed in wrong places, a right or left pointing bracket or a couple of slashes where they should not be. So long as the slashes are all in the right places and nothing between the inward pointing brackets other than the paragraph brackets displays no messy layout.
The paralyses formats the displayed element in the body. These can be  done separately at anytime. Following the rule of thumb about avoiding the slashes in the wrong places and outside the brackets or between the inward pointers we can type text between the inward pointing brackets of the paragraph elements. Note if formatting doesn't work properly the paralyses have probably been confused because they  look the same as the braces ( ) during typing. If formatting doesn't work properly check they are the proper paralyses.
The best part about our operating system's both old and latest is their cut, copy and past system's cutting time typing html scripts. We can  learn how to write any scripted by creating a folder saved anywhere we like in our file collection named HTML templates. We can create another folder inside it named CSS. The operating system note pad can be saved in the CSS folder named template. Turning your attention to the basic skeleton we can past a copy to the clipboard and past into the open note pad and save.We can create a copy by copying the same note pad into the same folder. Operating system's rename copy off the same name. The copy can be converted to a web page just by renaming the note pad copy file extension to html. We could rename the web page copy. The create thing about our operating systems we can past as many copies we like even in the same folder. When you open the web page only anything typed between the left pointing brackets will be displayed. If you manually typed and shows a messy display is a sign you typed the right leaning slashes in wrong places and the text inside the wrong pointing brackets. Examine the html you will find places where where should not have been or if missing where it should have been in the scripted.
Your operating system allows you to edit the page. If open, close and right click the icon. When the properties dialogue box displays click view source and start correcting any mistakes or developed the page layout inside the inward pointing brackets. If your operating system doesn't allow you to, in the dialogue box click open open with. If an option tick box displays click out the tick will turn on the right fly out menu where you will have options to open the file with you can develop the page. Clicking note pad the web page file will open in the note pad where you can carry out editing or correcting typos, changes and developing the page. When you save will revert back to the web page icon. When you open the file you will observe the changes.

The formatting attributes. 

Notice the dash, semicolon and colon positions. There is a alternating colon ( : ) and semicolon ( ; ) paten always in relation with the dash. These elements are typed in line between the paralyses separated by each alternating colon or semicolon paten. If formatting doesn't work properly check the paralyses rules
The font family was designed for web masters to cover their bases with different letter styling browsers find in visitors computer font files. If one style is not available the browser can use the nearest a option. The Font names are typed in following the colon and semicolon rule
Pt is point the number between colon and letters
Font weight is bold, italic underline ect
CSS recognize the names of colors
px is the pixel elements that make up computer monitor screens. In the case of text display the space between words is one pixel. 
:font-family;
:font-size: pt;
:font-weight;
:font-color
:text-align;
:background-color;
:word-spacing: px;
:letter-spacing: px;
:line-height: px

The layout attributes

HTML 5's new page layout elements includes a navigation attribute ( nav ) top menu bar option. The header attribute is the displayed banner artwork bar.  Aside is the left or right link navigation boxes. The section is the main box, the footer attribute bar is used as foot notes and other miscellaneous and article if for any syndication information option These attributes go in the head section.
:padding: px
:padding-top: px
:padding-bottom: px
:padding-left: px
:padding-right: px
:margin: px
:margin-top: px
:margin-bottom: px
:margin-left: px
:margin-right: px
:border-width: px'
:border-height: px
:border-color
:border-style:
Here is a example of a set up. You can modify with your own colors, sizes, and font styles by deleting and inserting your own. The same with the headings and paragraphs.

< head>
< style type="text/css">
h1 { color:black;font:21pt arial black;text-align:center;letter-spacing:25px }
H2 { color:black;font:18pt arial black;text-align:center }
h3 { margin-left:50px }
p { color:black;font:12pt arial;margin-left:75px;margin-right:75px }
< /style>
< /head>
< body>
< h1>Title banner

< h2>heading
< h3>Sub heading
< p>First paragraph
< p>second paragraph
< p>third paragraph
< p>fourth paragraph
< p>fifth paragraph
< p>sixth paragraph
< h3>Sub heading
< p>First paragraph
< p>second paragraph
< p>third paragraph
< p>fourth paragraph
< p>fifth paragraph
< p>sixth  paragraph
< /body>
< /html>