A look at a light second

We can become pretty good at measuring the the distance we walk a meter. Our brain can judge the distance we walk in time. Operating on the principle we can do this judging the distance of a meter while we walk saying "One thousand and one". In doing so we measured a meter in a second. If we continually walk a meter per second. By that time in the vacuum of space light had traveled a distance of just under 300 million meters ( 297 million 958 thousand and 950 to be exact or 297,958.95 kilometers ).


The moon is less than a couple of light seconds away. The nearest star ( our sun ) is 8 light minutes. We are observing the sun as it was 8 minutes ago every second meaning we won't observe the light that just left now 8 minutes into the future.

Motor sport commentators win and loose our heroes in fractions of a second testifying it is measured. The standard system metric prefix milli ( mill lee ) for a thousandth tells us 750 is three quarter second, 666 is two thirds, 500 is a half, 333 is one third and 250 is a quarter. Mathematics tells us the simple rule 3 dived 4, 2 divide 3, 1 divide 2, 1 divide 4 or 1 divide 8, 1 divide 16, 32 a 100 right down to a 1,000.a millisecond.

A millionth of a second is a microsecond the latter of a millisecond in microsecond units. The reciprocal of a any number is 1 dived the same number light speed no exception were the 3 of 300,000km relocated to right of the 0's giving us 300,000th second ( or 3microseconds ) light travels when we walk a meter in a second. ( 3us/m ) Notice the fraction is a minus of the same number in the positives value. In other words reciprocals of each other.

Light obeys Isaac Newton's first law of motion in any vacuum. Take a body lunched in space for example. At first they accelerates but stop accelerating to a maximum momentum speed limit. Mathematics tells us there should be no speed limit where there is no resistance. Yet acceleration is terminated to a constant velocity where the body doesn't go any faster and light is no exception.

We observe a light second a fixed distance every second. Despite no resistance it does not travel the distance any faster. The distance of a light second is ahead of us into the future by the end of every second. If we travel faster than a clock we would be traveling in a shorter distance in the same time closer to light speed's fixed maximum.

Most of us believe time stops when we travel at light speed. The reciprocal tells us from light speeds point of view the universe should appear to slow down as slow as 300,000 seconds to travel the same distance we normally view light speed would do in a second. ( In other words from light speed's point of view the universe travels 300,000 seconds per 300,000 kilometers ). Anybody into mathematics will agree 3 kilometers per second roughly a long weekend to travel the same distance we normally view light in second. Light being a constant distance the reciprocal shows if we view the universe from a light speed point of view we should never observe the distance move any slower. Time stopped doesn't exist only moving to slow can't observe moving looking like it stopped

The faster we travel a distance the slower time goes. Eventually we can't observe moving any at all when we reach the maximum distance we normally observe light travel in a second. Take the minute and hour hands of analogue clocks for example.

We observed these frozen in time at any given moment but we can observe the second hand moving. Clock faces are divided into 60 second divisions so by the time we observe the second hand move a full circle we don't observe the stationary minute hand move a division. So too, we observe the hour hand stationary as it moves round the clock face.

If we do the math's on this an hour is 3,600 times as slow as every second and every minute by 60 times. Every second light travels distance of 300,000km in a one hour TV program equal to the total distance traveled in that time. Math's can't lie you know. It tells us observed time can't be any slower than the reciprocal of light speed.

Every twelve midnight is a date change from one day to the next. The hour hand appears stationary to us but every time we look at it but moves twice round the clock, one for a.m. and the other for p.m every time the date changes for every day. If we do the math's on this equals to 86,400 seconds. The reciprocal tells us every second is 86,400th of a day meaning a day is made up of 86,400 second increment times.

Adding up the seconds of a week ( The first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second 12 midnight Sunday night ) is that much slower than a single second. The same if we add up all the seconds of each month. However a total of a year can be projected by multiplying all the days of a year by all the seconds of a day.

When we take into account of the extra day at the end of every fourth February leap year we can project all the seconds of a decade, a Century, a millennia ( a thousand years), a million, billion even trillions of centuries and beyond.

We are reminded of the light of the first stars since the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe so long ago around 14 billion years give or take a few million. The first Light of the universe is still traveling since.

Imagine there was no speed limit. Lets say we accelerate 10 times the distance every second 0 to 1 meter as the first second. By the end of the second we would have traveled 10 meters. By the end of the 3rd second we'd traveled a 100m and by the end of the 4th second we'd be a 1,000m.Since there is a 1,000 in a kilometer we'd traveled a kilometer in 4 seconds flat. 1m in a second, 10m in 2 seconds, 100m, in 3 seconds and a 1,000m in 4 seconds.

By the end of 5 seconds we'd traveled 10km. By the end of 6 seconds we traveled a100km and by the end of the 7th we be a 1,000km. By the end of 8 seconds we'd be 10,000km. By the end of 9 we'd traveled a100,000km and by the end of 10 seconds we'd traveled a 1,000,000 ( million ) km.

By the end of 11seconds we'd traveled 10,000,000km. ( 10 million ). By the end of 12 seconds we traveled a 100,000,000 ( a 100 million ) and by the end of 13 seconds we'd traveled a1,000,000,000.( a thousand million ).

By the end of 14 seconds we'd be 10,000.000,000 ( ten thousand million ). By 15 seconds ( a quarter minute ) we'd traveled a distance of a 100 thousand million kilometers. Imagine the distance at this rate by a half minute let a alone a full minute, let a lone in every second of an hour, every second for days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries, millennia, millions of years, billions, trillions even in trillions of centuries with no end in sight of the acceleration.

We are reminded the time of the first second of the big bang to present day is not even close to a trillion years old let a lone a few trillion centuries. Never the less mathematics says there is no reason way not the universe can reach as old as a few dozen trillion mellinnener and beyond which is to say no where near any anything infinite.

0 to a distance of a160km (100 miles ) in a second illustrates time doesn't necessarily stop at light speed. We accelerate to 80km in half a second and decelerate to a stop in another 80km in half second. From the environment's point of view we disappeared and reappeared a160km away in a second. Or alternatively we'd stretch a 160km distance like a rubber band snapping back to normal in a second.

But from our point of view as we sped up 80km the environment's time may slowly at first began to be longer and longer to travel 80k distance to a point it took a second and more. It gets longer and longer the closer we get.

It may come to a point where the environment's second is so long we don't see the environment moving any more. Then as we hit the brakes the environment begins to move in the forward direction picking up speed As we slow down, slowly at first the 80km got faster and faster to travel until we found ourselves a second into the future a160km away where we started. Time not only slows down the faster we go ,eventually when we have to slow down to stop it has to also speed up as the slower we go.

Given the circumference of the earth mathematics projects light speed travels round it just over 7 times in a second. From the environment's point of view 300,000 times as fast as the environment second. So if we were to view the world 7 times round the earth in a second velocity the environment's time would appear to slow down 300,000 seconds times as slow. We could observe the second hand of a clock move one division as we traveled the 7 times round the world. Anybody good at math's should be able to work out the time once round the earth.

If we travel round the earth's circumference where we observe the second hand slowed down we normally observe the minute hand we'd be 60 times as fast as the environment second. While we are a minute in the future every second we would observe every environment second slowed down by a minute. At this point we observe the environment's time seem to be frozen. But if we view an office full of people on a hot day we world observe motionless yet desk fans seem top be slowly turning as if staved of power. Time is not stopped only people moving to slow to see moving.

If we observe the second hand slowed down we'd normally observe the hour hand move we'd be 3,600 times as fast or an hour into the future every environment second.

The same would apply if we were to observe the second hand as still as the hour hand moving twice round the clock face every date change. If we add up all the seconds we'd be 86,400 times faster than the environment second, or a hour into the future every environment second. From our point of view the environment's second is slowed down by an hour. Anybody into math's would agree if every environment second is slowed down by an hours it will take more than several of month's for an environment day to pass.

We would observe the dusk and dawns of each day last 86,400 times longer than we normally do. Imagine how slow we'd observe every environment second all the seconds of a week, a month. Imagine a year into the environment future every second, let a lone, a decade, a millennia and beyond.

Traveling faster than the environment's second would observe the slowdown consequences of mother nature. For example the normal electromagnetic radiation in the environment would appear to be effected. For example in the normal circumstances the mains electric power alternates from minimum to maximum in an alternating current flow 60 times a second. Hertz is the unit of one cycle. The mains lighting throbs from minimum to maximum to minimum brightness 60 times a second. It is so fast to us appears to be a steady light source.

If we travel faster than the environment's second by the same amount we'd be in parallel with 60th environment second which means in parallel with a single alternating cycle. In other words a minute into the future every environment second we'd observe the mains lighting as 1Hz. All lighting would throb from minimum to maximum to minimum brightness once every second. Observing a electrical storm we would observe a lightening strike slowed down by 60 times.

Not only that but the cosmic radiation from the sun such as the ultra violet light ( UV ) rays filtering though our atmosphere that tans our skin in the summer months when we sun bath on beaches. Mega from from the standard metric system prefix unit system for a million puts the energy well beyond several 100 MegaHz. ( MHz ). A minute into the future every second this UV radiation from our sun would be 60 times lower in frequency. It would become radiation of several kilohertz. (Kilo for a thousand. KHz ).

The colors of the environment would also be different. Red is the lowest frequency we can see in nature while blue is the highest where all other frequencies above blue ( Ultra violet light ) and bellow red ( inferred ) where the fluency is so high or so low is invisible making up a total cosmic radiation of the universe. The wavelengths range from a kilometer long to hundreds of times as short as a human hair.

The lower the observe frequency the redder the environment will appear. The frost of frosted light bulbs lowers the electrical frequency giving a hint of a yellow color cast. The normal blue sky would look redder and all the florescent and the frosted light bulbs will look a red color cast in the environment by the amount we are faster than the environment second. We would be observing the environments color temperatures much lower in frequencies. Red would look missing while all colors would look more redder than normal by the amount including white vehicle paint to green foliage.

Traveling faster than the environment's second has it's traveling a shorter distance faster in the same time second we normal observe has it's inverted viewing of the environment's time consequences.

So far traveling faster than the environment second we traveling at constant velocity. There is no change as we keep going indefinitely though the environment years and centuries without a slowdown of centimeter.

Most of us believe once we slowdown from light speed the environment's time goes backwards traveling back into the past. We are looking from our point of view of us but there is also the point of view of the environment's point of view. While appearing to have vanished into time we would be a minute in the forward direction second by second. Without slowing down we remain, a minute ahead indefinitely, days, weeks, month's, years and so forth.

As we come to a halt the environment's time should return to the normal forward direction. To do that the environment's time would have to come to a complete stop to start up as normal. Come back to the case of 0 to a distance of a 160km in a second where we found ourselves a160km away from where we started only a second in the future. We had reached a point where the environment's time was to slow to observe moving. To be only a second passed 160km where we started time never actually stopped only observed as restarted going in the forward direction.

If this is applied to light speed on paper at lest 300,000km is only figures. If it obeys the same law as we decelerate the environment's time appears to be going to slow to observe moving. As we hit the brakes it should start up in the forward direction untilled we find ourselves only a environment second had passed 300,000km away were we left off or about 7 times round the earth.

Some of us may argue such acceleration in the earth's atmosphere we would be incinerated in a fraction of the distance let a lone crushed by the "G's" 0 to a 160km in a second let a lone light speed. That would depends on the power of the acceleration . The fact is the faster we go the more the air becomes thicker. Eventually it would be like plowing though treacle to maintain the speed. Without the power behind the acceleration we'd be struggling to gain the required speed. With out enough force we would be wasting distance creeping agonizingly close but never actually reaching it.

If this is the case what's wrong with a vacuum? Everything because of the simple rule of maximum speed limits. Take a freefalling 1kg mass in the earth's atmosphere. With out it dropping the kilogram from a great height the earth's mass will will snatch it from 0 to a meter in a second and stop accelerating to a constant free fall velocity straight down to impact with the ground.

The acceleration was terminated called terminal acceleration better known as terminal velocity. If we do the math's on this equals a1kg, 3.6kmph impact with the immovable mass of the earth. For a second the falling mass was heavier than normal dissipating though it to normal rest as if the earth's was temporary bigger ion that time.

Acceleration weighs mass down to a point it can't accelerate any further better known to lay people as G-force for a straight line velocity. A case in point. If we lunch the 1kg in space it will accelerate 1,000's'kmph and stop accelerating to the constant velocity in the same second as a meter in the earth's gravity.

There is no atmosphere to burn it in space not even 0 to a160km distance in a second. In fact we will never feel the same acceleration in space as we do on the surface of earth. Imagine stepping out of a vehicle traveling only 1/2kmph compared to stepping out of a space station hatch orbiting high above the earth.

It takes light speed to feel any effect in space. The pressure is so great will crush the mass to atoms in a fraction of a second. Another case feeling the heat when pumping up a bicycle tire is not due to friction you know. Pressure produces heat. It is so great, equal to millions of digress centigrade every second. As you can see we will not escape the consequences of a velocity on a light speed scale even in a vacuum.

So what is the situation when we view the minute hand sped up we normally observe the second hand?

We would be traveling a dimension 60 times slower than the environment second. We would observe the the environment's time a minute in the future every second while the environment would observe us 60 times or a minute as slow. Correspondingly if we were an hour as slow from the environment point of view we would observe an environment hour pass every second. The same for a day, a week, a month, a year decades and years. Park statues observe a century pass in less than a second To ancient fossils millions of years the environment's time would not appear to exist at all.

The slower we go the faster time goes.

If we travel slower than a clock we would observe distance longer than we'd normally see a light second in the same second.

As we learnt from a reciprocal tells us from light speeds point of view the universe should appear to slow down as slow as 300,000 seconds to travel the same distance we normally view light speed in a second. Traveling a minute as slow as the environments second we would observe a minute ahead of the environment's observation of the universe every second. This can record artificially view of the concept the with a time lapse video capture of a starry night.

The environment observes us frozen in time at any given moment but we can observe the environment minute pass every second. We will observe the second hand spin 60 full circles in a second we observe the minute hand move a division while the hour hand appears stationary.

The hour hand still appears stationary but every time we look at it has moved a division we'd observe the minute hand, one for a.m. and the other for p.m every time the date changes for every day. We observe the environment hour 60 times faster. If we do the math's on this equals telling us every second is3,600th of a day of a day faster of a day.

If we observe the hour hand as fast as we'd normally view the second hand we'd be 86,400 times slower than the environment second. Correspondingly we'd view every environment hour 86,400 times as fast. So to every every hour in every day week ,month, year, decade, millennia, millions, billions and trillions of years would pass that fast per second. Anybody into mathematics should be able to work out how long it would take the equivalent to travel a trillion environment centuries.

Adding up the seconds of a week we would be that much slower than the environment second at observing a week per second. The same if we add up all the seconds of each month. As we learnt earlier all the seconds of a year will projected how many times slower than the environment's second observing a environment year per second velocity. From the environment's point of view would observe us frozen in time every year, year after year for many years.

As we learnt earlier taking into account of leaps we can project all the seconds of a decade, a Century, a millennia, a million, billion even trillions of centuries and beyond we would be as slows every environment second viewing the reciprocals the environment's time passes every second.

Imagine observing a trillion environment centuries pass every second because from the environment point of view we would be frozen in time for a trillion centuries at a time. This would indeed would be what a park statue would observe of every day for a trillion centuries of the world round it.

II reminded you of the light of the first stars since the big bang around 14 billion years give or take a few million. The first Light of the universe is still traveling though since.

Imagine again there was no speed limit but this time slowness. Lets say we decelerate 10 times the distance every second 0 to 1 meter as the first second. We would view every environment second increase faster and faster every second.

As I said earlier the time of the first second of the big bang to present day is not even close to a trillion years let a lone a few trillion centuries. Again we can conclude mathematics says there is no reason way not the universe can reach as old as a few dozen trillion mellinnener and beyond in a second.

As 0 to a distance of a160km (100 miles ) in a second illustrated it has to come to a point where the environment's second is so short time will seem out of control. As we speed up, slowly at first the environment's time slows down faster and faster we accelerate until we found ourselves a second in normal time. Time not only speeds up as the slower we go ,eventually when we have to speed up the faster we go the slower time goes.

We learnt earlier given the circumference of the earth mathematics projects light speed travels round it just over 7 times in a environment second. If we slowed down to light speed we would observe every environment second 300,000 times as fast while the environment will observe us 300,000 times as slow. Any body curious enough some math's initiative should be able to work out some scenarios of one rotation point of view of us of the environment and the environment of us.

If we view an office full of people they world look racing round 60 times as fast as we would observe normally while we would be moving to slow for them to see us move during each minute. If we observe the the minute hand of a clock it would move as fast as we'd normally observe the second hand. Math's projects the second hand would spin a whole circle in a second, or 60 in a minute an environment hour every minute.

In one hour would complete from the first second 12 midnight to the first second 12 midday. Another for the afternoon to the last second 12 midnight. In other words 12 environment hours per one hour or two hours for every date change. In other words a 24 hours compressed into the time of an average movie length.

If we add up all the seconds of a day from the environment's point of view we'd be 86,400 times or a day slower than the environment second, or from our point point of view at lest a date change every hour. In other words every environment 12 midnight to12miday and 12 midday to12 midnight every every a piece or a whole 24 hours in an half hour.

We would observe the dusk and dawns of each day last 86,400 times faster than we normal imagine Imagine how fast we'd observe every environment second slowed down the same amount all the seconds of a day, Anybody into math's day today dates changes in mere seconds. 60 days in an hour. That would mean 60 years in a day let a lone, all the seconds in a day traveling for in a week, a month, in a year, a decade, a millennia and beyond.

Traveling slower than the environment's second we would observe the speeded up consequences of mother nature. For example the normal electromagnetic radiation in the environment would appear to be effected. Observing a minute pass every second the AC of the mains would be increased by 60 times faster as it would normally be. The mains would be like a 3.6kHz radiation.

From the environment's point of view we travel slower than the environment's second by the same amount. From our point of view all lighting would throb from minimum to maximum to minimum brightness 3,600 times per every minute

More dramatically the cosmic radiation from the sun. A minute as slow as the environments second into the UV radiation be 60 times higher. It would become radiation of several MHz more powerful because our metabolism would be on a different dimension equally slow by the same amount.

The colors of the environment would also be different. We learnt red the lowest frequency we can see in while blue is the highest where all the red will turn in blue where the fluencies will be so high we will there will be no more inferred as it is change in to the colors we can now see.

The slower we go the more of inferred becomes the colors we normally observe. Fore example instead of the heat we can't normally see in a steamy kitchen would be the full of the higher frequency colors. The frost of frosted light bulbs would display blackness because there will be frequencies way way beyond we can see. The normal blue sky in board daylight would look black to. We would be observing the environments color temperatures much high in frequency too. Colors would look missing while all colors would look blue than normal by the amount including white vehicle paint to green foliage. Traveling slower than the environment's second distances will be longer in the same time time

As we leant earlier once we slowdown from light speed the environment's time doesn't go backwards traveling back into the past. Even going traveling slower than the environment's we are looking from our point of view of us but there is also the point of view of the environment's point of view. While appear as still as a statue we would be still moving in the forward diction every second of every minute. Without speeding back up we will remain, a minute ahead indefinitely, days, weeks, month's, years and so forth.

As we sped back up we come to a point where the environment's time is to slow slow to observe moving. The environment second is no longer short as it was. Without a power behind us to accelerate back up to speed we'd be struggling to gain the required speed. With out enough force we would probably be permanently stuck in the momentum.

It was pointed out some of us may argue high acceleration in the earth's atmosphere resistance should incinerated us in a fraction of the distance traveled let a lone crushed by the "G's" that depended on the acceleration. It is inevitable the air molecules would behave differently in our lungs. The slower we we go the more the particles will be more energetic suffocating us.

If this is the case what's wrong with a vacuum? Everything because of the simple rule of maximum speed limits learning about terminal acceleration known as terminal velocity. As far as anybody knows the reciprocal of light speed telling us the fastest the current time is the slowest we can travel. Nothing can travel any slower unless there is a faster than light speed.

As we learnt acceleration weighs mass down to a point it can't accelerate any further The same may apply preventing us from going any slower than our current dimension.

How a Wormhole should work

Since Isaac Newton's gravity astronomers had been paying closer attention to orbiting curiosities in the heavens. Newton's theories told them an orbiting body is a sign a mass must be present. But astronomers couldn't find it, at lest not visually anyway. It was theorized it was possible a star so huge had enough gravity to absorb a 100% of light explaining the apparent illusion of no apparent mass present. In other words a mass big enough to be invisible orbiting bodies round it.

By 1905 a German science magazine Annuals Der Funk publish Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. It wasn't known as the special until a second part published in the second year of the first world war. It mirrored Isaac Newton's first law of motion that says "Where there is a force there is an equal and opposite force opposing it." the kick back of artillery guns comes to mind. Gun barrels react kicked backwards as they lob shells in the forward direction. We don't have be Einstein's to understand a 0 to 160kmph ( 100mph ) in a second or imagine the distance in a second would be like to the shell.

When we are a passenger in a Rolla coaster we experience several kilograms of weight pulling us back into our seats we express today as G's ( G-force ). In other words known as our inertia the second law of Newton's law that says "bodies tend to resist acceleration " The faster anything is accelerated the more G's experienced.

For the special theory to exist at all Einstein must had wondered what the G's would be like on a light speed scale. Obviously to us we can imagine the pressure traveling at light speed must distort space explaining the the increses of mass at such a velocity.

Light travels just under 300,000km/s. In other words in terms of 0 to light speed in a second there must be a horrific amount of G"s. To put it in perspective think of stationary to a distance of 300,000km by the time we say "One thousand and one"

Mathematics tells us since there is there is no resistance in a vacuum light should have no speed limit. But a distance of 300,000km in a second is the maximum speed limit it can travel. This means light must always be ahead of us 300,000km every second no matter how fast we go including if we travel at light speed itself. Light being always 300,000k ahead of every second we can not hope to catch up with light speed unless we change the distance light travels in a second such as 0km per second.

By the time Germany was occupied fighting the British in the Battle of the Somme ( 1916 ) of the great war a German field Gunner and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild (sh war zs child) came across Albert Einstein's second theory of relativity. In it was the gravitational notion mass weighs space collapsing it round the circumference of a body distorting space where light would follow the curved path towards it, key to the general theory.

Think a apple as a planet and space as a news paper sheet. The apples wraps the news paper round it Armed with Albert Einstein's latest paper predicting matter bends space Schwarzchirld curiosity was aroused wondering how heavy it would have to be for a body with enough mass to capture a100% of light.

Turning to math's he discovered gravity strong enough would collapse the size of the earth to the size of a pea (A centimeter). For this to work with the sun right down to 3cm. He posted his findings to Einstein who was pleased someone was on the same wavelength.

This has become known as the Shrazchird radius ( the center of a sphere to the edge ).It was a reference of the center of dark stars ( we call black holes today ) called a singularity. The big black void is a sphere of the resulting extended field hiding it. The edge is the point where it captures a 100% of light called the event horizon and Just at the edge where light can still escape is called the egopsphere.

By the time the 1930's a growing science called Quantum Physics was proposing an alarming warped sense of physical reaction of the atom. By 1933 Einstein and a fallow physics Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolisky were familiar with the updates of the latest theories. Albert Einstein's own theory of relativity predicts photons are particles of light that Quantum physics physicists claim on a quantum level are two places at the same time that will influence each other virtually at unlimited distances apart.

To the EPR trio meant this action was way-way beyond light speed. It as as if the strange notion of the action of stars several million light years away from earth have an immediate real time effect here on earth.

Einstein Podilosky and Rosen's plan was to pull their weight ganging to together to settle the absurd nature of this claim once and for all. Even today using Einstein's gravity creating an infinitely deep well in space was a rather dubious distortion of his general theory. As the theory goes it only says the mass of bodies shrink space collapsing it round their circumference that must also be distorting space round it in doing so. The pressure of the collapse space round a body is Einstein's legacy.

The trio proposed if a star was heavy enough to absorb a 100% of light clear then clear across the other side of the universe another dark star sinks a deep well in space. only. We don't have to be Einstein's to figure two deep wells of from a couple of black holes could link together forming a bridge across the universe. This same idea become known as the legendary wormhole or better known as the Einstein. Podliski Rosen bridge theory. In other words, if we think of Einstein's general relativity telling us back to back dark stars we express as black holes today sinking deep wells in space could quite possibly link together like a pair kitchen funnels.

Our point of view there is only one-way and no other. Think of the point of view the end that has opened out in the other universe. From the that universes point of view the black hole from our world is an output not an input. But the hole should only be an input point of view. Relativity tells both universes are parallels each other.

According to Isaac Newton's gravity the combined mass of each universe should pull opposite directions of one another in a tug of war pulling the link apart a part. Never the less the resulting theory become known as the Einstein, Podolvsk, Rosen bridge. In other words a wormhole though the dimensions of space.

Another proposal has emerged if a black hole spins on a light speed scale. We immediately think of the potential centrifugal force forcing it into a ring. The law of circular monition tells us a different story. A spinning pin in the center of a circling circle does not travel in a circle while the outer edge travels in a circle. It just spins. There should be no centrifugal force acting on the pin while all the force concentrated in the maximum travel distance.

Pi ( pie ) is a handy mathematical formula for calculating the dimensions of a sphere. Pi is one of these mathematical formula that has fascinated mathematicians for centuries.

If we take a sphere ( A base ball for example ) and rap a piece of string round it and cut to length we can open it to a straight line. The same straight line is still the circumference of the sphere. We can say all straight lines is a by product of the circumference of all spheres because when roll into circles the same circumference as a sphere of that size of circle. Mathematics can't lie know.

The same circle opened out to a straight line will go across the same circle, once, twice, three times and a little bit more about a seventh. This seventh is 1 divided by 7 accurate to only 3 decimal places. If we add 3 gives us the pi value ( 3.142 respectively ).

Mathematicians have been trying to find the end of the decimal value for centuries. This is because it appears to have no end. You can check the Genus book of records where you will find record breaking feats of memory reciting the decimal value to thousands of decimal places.

Operating on the principle can calculate the circumference, and diameters ( across ) stars and planets including singularities because they are collapsed spheres. The tiny size of singularities contradicts Newtonian gravity law the bigger the mass the more powerful the gravitational force. On the contrary the supper force of a black hole due to the singularity. The radius ( from the center of a sphere to the edge ) is Planck length.

A Planck length is 40 decimal 0's, ( on the left of ) 6, 2, 6 of a meter.( Or a 43 decimal number). Only a mere 6 decimal 0's,and 1 of a meter where a common school ruler measuring the thickness of a human hair shows less than a micron (or micrometer ) equal to 40 minus 6, equals 34 decimal 0's, 6, 2, 6 ( or 37 decimal number ) of a micrometer. The Planck length is proved to be a constant. Unlike pi It's finite like light light speed. There is is nothing infinite about both constants. This means we can multiply the Planck constant by pi giving us the circumference of a singularity.

The Planck constant also represent time called a Planck second. The reciprocal ( the same number of 0's on the right of the same 6, 2, 6 representing the positive value ) mass, and energy. It tells us the same Planck second in the positive value equals the the number of Planck seconds in a second. The minus value is only a representation of a second divided by a Planck second.

As this is a constant the singularity is a finite thus the whole of a black hole. The total diameter of the singularity is not any smaller than pi times the minis Planck constant. The mass of the singularity is the same constant in the positive value in solar masses heavy. ( The mass of the sun is used as a reference of one solar mass ). The positive value tells us the strength of the gravitational compression squeezing pressure. The finite value tells us if anything equal or more strong enough will not be crushed to oblivion inside black holes.

The Planck scale tells us black holes are not infinite cosmic bodies but finite. According to the Planck scale The singularity cannot be any smaller than a Planck constant and heavier than the same constant in the positive value. The Planck scale tells us should be the limit of black holes.

The sun is the nearest star only 8 light minutes away.

In space everything obeys Isaac Newton's law of motion including light. When a body is set in motion in a vacuum accelerates to a maximum momentum speed limit. Acceleration is terminated to a constant. Despite no resistance is a maximum speed of just under 300,000km/s. ( 297,958.95km/s to be exact ) no matter how fast we go is always that distance ahead of us every second. We cannot catch up with it. Even if we travel at light speed light will always will be ahead of us by a distance of 300,000km.

If we think of light takes just under 8 minutes to reach earth the sunlight we observe right now, is just as the sun was 8 minutes ago every second. That means light leaving right now will be seen by our eyes 8 minutes in the future.

If we are able to travel at light speed we would accelerate from sub light speed to light speed. But would light would be 300,000km ahead of us. If we didn't stop we'd over shoot the sun traveling a distance of 300,000km every second away from it. We would have to decelerate to a sub light speed at some point. The common consensus we cannot travel faster than that. If we do the math's on this tells us to the sun from earth is not less than 8 minutes. We cannot get there any faster with out being faster then light.

Albert Einstein discovered Newton's law of motion where there is a force there is a opposite and equal force acting on acceleration. Petrol heads ( car mad ) people are familiar with acceleration specs such as 0 to 80kmph ( 50mph ) in a couple of seconds. We all don't have to be Einstein's to realize the implication of 0 to a160kmph (100mph) in a second. Think of a distance of a160km to a stop in a second let a lone 300,000km.

From our point of view of the environment's time would begin to slow down slowing down faster and faster until at some point would be going so fast we cannot observe time moving anymore. We have the illusion of stopped. As we hit the brakes we would observe what appears to be a frozen in time start to move again getting faster and faster as we slow down. Finally we will stop finding ourselves a second into the future where we left off 160km away. In other words the faster we accelerate the faster time goes and when we decelerate the faster time goes.

Mathematics tells us light would travel round the circumference of the earth just under 7 times in a second. From our point of view a blink of an eye. From light speed's point of view of the environment's time would appear to be stopped during every 7 times round the earth. The environment's would have only moved a second.

If we do the math's we realize time at light speed doesn't not stop at. The math's tells us every 7 times is a second. So a second is a second. So if light traveled round the earth in a minute is 60, environment seconds times 7comes to 420 times in that environment time. In a whole hour would be 3,600, 7's.

The environment's time would still be traveling all the seconds of every day, every week, every month, for years, a decades, centuries, a mellinea ( 1,000 years ), millions, billions even all the seconds in a trillion centuries and beyond every second 7 times round the earth. Imagine the number of times in a all the seconds in a several 100 trillion centuries times 7.

As light speed is a maximum speed limit light will not travel any faster than 7 times round the earth in every second constant. From light speed's point of view the environment could not travel any slower constant. Imagine if there was no such thing as a constant velocity. We think of an infinite velocity. That is perhaps not the right word as velocity implies a constant. We can think of a infinite acceleration to avoid the implication of a constant. Lets see what happens when we accelerate constantly 10 times the distance every second. Mathematics tells us from a standing start is a 0 distance. Reedy set.....go.

By the end of the first second we had traveled 1 meter. By the end of the second second we had traveled a 10 meters. By the end of the third second we had traveled a distance a100 meters and by the end of the fourth second we had traveled a distance of a 1,000 meters. Since there is a 1,000 meters in a kilometer we'd accelerated a distance of 1 meter,10 meters a 100 meters and 1,000 meters in 4 seconds flat.

By the end of the fifth second we'd traveled a distance of 10km. By the end of the 6th we'd traveled a100. By the end of the seventh second we'd traveled a 1,000km. and so on.0.001km, 0.01km 0.1km,1km, 10km,100km and a 1,000km in 7 seconds.

By the end of the 8th second we would have traveled 10,000km. Every second 10 times the distance we'd traveled a billion kilometers before a quarter minute.( 15 seconds ) let a lone half minute .Imagine the distance traveled in a full environment minute, let a lone all the seconds in an hour. Imagine all the seconds in a environment day, a week, in every month, in a year, a decade, a century ,millennium, million, billions even in trillions of centuries and beyond with no end to the acceleration.