Primes

Have you ever noticed some numbers always divide with fractions over and yet others dived evenly? Any number that divides with fractions over is called a prime. Including one, these numbers happen to be two, three, five seven and nine. the others four, six, eight and ten divide with no fractions called composites. We can see clearly in the answer columns of children's time tables they are all exclusively composite numbers.

The arithmetic has intrigued mathematicians for centuries. If we take zero asking ourselves how many go into itself since zero is nothing anyway is represented by the number zero. 

In digital electronic arithmetic dividing zero into zero is represented as a electronic signal for an electronic signal for one. Dividing one by one is an arithmetic signal to reset the one back to zero. It is the basics of binary ( meaning two or pare ). The arithmetic sets zero to a one reset back to zero in a endless resetting of zero and one sequences. In other words zero plus zero is a signal to change the zero to one. The same is true for zero times zero, zero dived zero, or zero takeaway zero constantly resetting zero back to one and the one back to zero.

Mathematicians have been intrigued with the number one for a long time. It is because it divides into all numbers both composite and primes. We can see this when ask our mathematical instinct how many ones go into one. Our instinct in such matters knows there is only one one. How about the same question into a prime such as three? Our math's instinct tells us of course there are three ones in three. 

The same is true with any composite. Our arithmetic instinct knows by asking ourselves how many ones go into four. Of course four ones are four. We can apply our keen instinct by asking how many fours go into four?  Our instinct tells us obviously one four. The same is true with the rest of the composites. Thus one goes evenly in both prime and composites. The arithmetic doesn't lie you know. Obviously not just for primes but all numbers.

We can apply our mathematical instinct asking ourselves what is half of four. Our mathematical instinct says of course we get two. Our instinct tells us obviously two two's are four. However if we ask the same question with a prime like five we have a fraction over. The same is true to all primes. If we take a composite like ten we can ask how many, two's ( a prime ) go into it. The arithmetic instinct tells us because five ( a prime ) two's ( the secondary prime ) are ten because obviously two fives is ten. We can't do this with primes. Check the arithmetic on a children's time table chart.

If we take the composite number ten from a times ten table dived in half is dividing by two discovering two is a prime. We discover though we can dived two in half that is one. Our mathematical instinct  notices as far as we can dived the composite evenly. The same rule applies to any and all of the rest of the sums in the entire tables. Other wise always a fraction over. If we take three seven's are twenty one ( a composite ) three and seven are the prime factors that add up to the composite. This is true for every sun in the tables. To prove this check out three three's are nine. Nine is a composite because it can be divided by another prime ( three ) with out a fraction over.

Playing round with the children's time table charts we discover we cannot dived evenly any further because we had found prime factors involved in the sum. The children's times table is a double composite number sequences. Take the times two table. In numerical order sequence in the answer column, two zeros are two. two ones are two, two three's are six, two four's are eight, two fives are ten and so on. The same is true with every table.  

If we try the same with three digit composites the arithmetic rules apply. We will discover applied to four digit numbers works just as well. We can apply to five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven.......digit long numbers and we finding the prime factors. The only difficulty is such big numbers. There is no limit to the number of digits in a number twenty five, thirty, fifty, a hundred, thousands ten thousand digit numbers even trillion digit long number.

VCR not recording in color

Despite the cliché "Nobody uses VCR's any more" there is still a few of us around that still do or at lest all we have well, for the time being anyway. The same rules here apply to DVD players to reorders and other digital media devices. For those with the money and resources the internet has taken over. Digital TV has taken over New Zealand television.

If you have VCR, DVD player/recorder or other electronic devise plays back inn black and white recording problems go into all the three AV set up units, the freeView, VCR. DVD player/recorder   electronic device including the TV AV set up. Observe any PAL or NTSC indicators and set to that. Look for words color ( short for color  Col: B/W and reset to color modes.

There is no analogue television, yet analogue TV sets can still be used thanks to digital to analogue converter black boxes called freeViews specifically programmed for the free TV channels. Those with money don't need additional analogue to digital converters for analogue TV sets when they have internet resources. The rest of us have to struggle along with what we have.

Sometimes there is a recording or DVD player playback problem records or plays yes, but we are disappointed when only plays back in black and white. Some of us have experienced recording in full color for month's and suddenly our VCR or DVD player or recording started recoding only in black and white. When this happens we are in a quandary. What had just happened?

Some time or another ( New Zealand uses with freeVeiw units at lest ) may have noticed when you changed the FreeView TV channel ( at lest in New Zealand ). An error message signal box appeared for a few seconds. explaining there was some missing or incorrect information. Yet thankfully for that at lest, we could still view the TV's channels as normal anyway. We'd think this could be a warning we may not be able to record in color any longer. But not quite.

This could possibly between ( in New Zealand at lest ) the FreeView output, your TV, VCR, DVD player or recorder to other digital devices NTSC and PAL menu set ups. NTSC is analogue North American Corporation television transition standard and PAL is Phase Alternating Line color encoding system for analogue television and VCR's used in broadcast television systems in most countries round the world at 576i.

RF ( Radio Frequency, or in other words the aerial input ) freeView aerial socket is a digital receiver converting to an analogue output for the old analogue TVs and VCR's. Digital TV's and Internet systems enjoy everything in full color and HD ( High Definition ) surround sound directly achieved with RCA cabling. Fortunately the same applies to the FreeView units connected to analogue TV sets.

The best thing with the latest FreeView models they are perfect in good reception areas only requiring a crude indoor aerial. In some areas just a open wire lead is good enough for a aerial. Poor reception areas becomes a bit tricky. If in a good reception area all we need are the corresponding RCA in and output cables just as we do with regular digital TV's and ignore the RF in of the TV and the RF output of the freeView. We don't need those. The TV uses the converted digital to analogue output from the FreeVwiew though the RCA cables connecting the FreeView unit to the TV set. The TV is set in the Audio Visual ( AV ) mode.
The AV mode by passes the normal TV channels permanently redundant in New Zealand. Notset in the AV mode the TV is switch off from the digital device.

Budget TV's and VCR's DVD players and digital devices will only have one RCA set. Regular priced perhaps two. Expensive models will have up to three or four sets. AV1, AV2, AV3 respectively.

The RCA FreeView outputs are connected to the VCR inputs ( The left and right audio stereo channels and the single video inputs ). The outputs of the VCR go directly to the left and right audio and video TV RCA inputs. Any AV1, AV2, AV3 TV input will do. The only tuning in is the FreeView unit. The TV tanner is redundant because it is by pasted though the RCA cables.

Time travel

"What if you could travel to parallel worlds, the same year, the same earth only different dimensions? A world where the Russians ruled America, or were dreams of being a supper star came true. Or San Francisco was a maximum security prison. My friends and I have found the gateway. Now the problem is, finding a way back home"

Those were the words of the opening address of each episode of a science fiction TV series called the sliders. The star of the show was an artificial wormhole created from experimenting with a antigravity experiment.

The series was inspired by the science quandary of what happens to time lines if history was different. Some of us believe it is possible to travel back into the past and ahead into the future. If we travel to the past from the past point of view we would be a visitor from the future. If we travel to the future from the future point of view we would be a visitor from the past.  And vice versa a person from the future visiting our present from their point of view visiting the past and a visitor from the past visiting the present is visiting the future point of view from our point of view a visitor from the past. What ever way you look at it is ways a point of view  perspective.

If travel from the present to the future we won't know what had happened between the time we left our present to the time we arrive at the future point unless we knew ahead of time We would have to be brought up to speed on events. If we visit the past, from the past point of view we would know what their future holds point of view. From the past point of view can their future be changed as the future for the present by a visitor from the future?

What of the present if Richard Pierce first powered flight was meticulous at recording things? Or if the titanic got away with barely scrapping the iceberg? It is only a matter of a difference of attitudes, decisions a few meters or a few seconds in history that could have made all the difference to our present.

There is a little known story of an Australian sniper connection serving the western front in world war one who once had a German corporal called Adolph Hitler right in the cross hairs of his rifle sight. If the sniper didn't have a conscience where would the present for us be today? And Hitler could easily have been killed in many other ways during the many battles he was involved. What is the odds of a man like Hitler surviving the war to go on to create the present for us?

What would our present be like if the Russians called president Kennedy's bluff during the Cuban crisis in 1962?  What if the circumstances with Lady Diana was different? What if the circumstances leading up to September 11th was different? All it takes is a matter of a second or a meter or two difference decision from the past to effect our present. Obviously alternate realities from the present form we know it. Imagine what our presents would be like if history could be changed on a regular basis by interfering time travelers from the past or future. It would be continuous kayos for present time lines.

Operating on the principle it has been suggested that all the history changes we can think of may exist in parallel  with each on separate dimensions. That and from physical evidence obtained from particle accelerator experiments what is called the entanglement theory in Quantum physics. It has been observed in the last hundred years particles of the atom seem to exist in several planes at the same time that our dimension is overlapped and entangled with.

The TV series plot was a science student Quinn Murray's antigravity experiment turned wormhole gateway to theses parallel universes. Wormholes are believed to be created by black holes sinking deep wells in the dimension of space like a apple wormhole in this case clear across the other side of the universe. In the case of the series a vertex directly to alternate time lines of the same earth.

Time travel started with a novel by H.G.Wells in 1889 about a time traveler traveling to the future and Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity allowing time travel to be possible. More interest was a rewritten generality of the special theory published during the second year of world war one allowing the existence wormholes. It projects it was possible by the amount matter in stars and planets weigh space shrinking it inwards collapsing round the stars and planets holding them together known as Einstein's gravity.

The major significance of a wormhole is believed to be the remains of stars far bigger than our sun that had gone supernova. What is left is the remains of the gravity so dense it can easily be several hundred thousand trillion tones per square centimeter of gravitational compression heavy a volume smaller than an atom called a singular.

Where light speed isn't fast enough to escape the singularity it is caught in a endless loop. We can only see light when it is a straight line to our eyes. Light in circle is not. This boundary is several million kilometers across called the event horizon. With no light to see the singularity it ends up the same color as space hiding it. It is equal as demonstrating pasting in you operating system paint program a circle the same color as the canvas. All black holes are is a singularity like a black full stop from a word program pasted to a black painted paint program canvas. 

At the time of the lunch of the TV series it was ambitious state-of-the-art sciences exploring entanglement with an over lap with a parallel series called star gate 1 debuted a short time latter. The movie length pilot of the sliders started the ball rolling about a gradation student called Quinn Mallory experimenting with antigravity in his basement. In the sliders pilot  Mallory got more than he bargained for. His experiment crossed the boundaries of the dimensions tunneling his laboratory space time space time using gravity of in contact  with another earth popularly known as parallel universes.

When Mallory showed his visiting university professor and co-worker what he had discovered he demonstrated a remote control device he built. Het pointing in midair pressing a button the way we point our remote controls. An electronic been streamed from it.

The artificial wormhole midair whirlpool of energy quickly expanded from nothing to several meters in diameter. Mallory's girlfriend and the professor blinked with shock at the roaring hurricane wind storm blowing hole in mid air flaying their hair.

Quinn shouted above the roar asking would they do with this opportunity to see what's on the other side. The professor was a very reluctant holding back. His girl friend was beside her self with excitement.

"You mean we can just like, slide though this and BOOM! we're on another planet"!!

"NO"! exclaimed Mallory. "Same planet! Different dimension".

As giddy as a little school girl over puppy love she talk them into jumping much to the professors arguments against it. The pair argued for and against to the backdrop of the roaring vortex.

It took quite a bit a bit of persuasion to the reluctant Quinn and the professor, but she finally persuaded Quinn to let them try. If you had the opportunity to slide a wormhole to see what's on the other side, would you? When they finally decided to take the plunge they stepped close to steady themselves ready to go They didn't get the chance.

Gravity of the parallel world controlling the vertex unexpectly snatched at them accelerating them falling them in like acceleration  from the roof of a tall sky scarper the vertex closing behind them leaving a deserted lab The gravity of the parallel world pulled them though like falling the side of a tall sky scraper on a sideways plane ejecting them out of the open  end of the wormhole. The motion and energy was all gravitational forces movement.

An unfortunate miss hap caused a premature opening of the vertex deleting the original home world coordinates. After that the vertex found what ever coordinates that it found at random. All though the series each episode was an excessive in trying their luck the vertex would strike lucky the right coordinates back to their world. Episode after episode they landed in different alternate time line realities trying to get back home.

On some visits they meat their flair share of their doubles other worlds there was no sigh. It is the key to being in two places and alive and dead at the same time theory in quantum physics. When our doubles are killed or never born in a world other doubles including ourselves carry on living in the other worlds. It is as if we exist alive and dead or don't exist at the same time to the universes as a hole.

Our doubles live alternate lives from us. Our double famous on one world on another is just an average person in different circumstances. The circumstance  and decisions of our doubles are all different outcomes.

We wonder how did Mallory’s experiment manager it?

There is a lot of information about the universe at large at local libraries on hyperspace and the universe and on the internet on the theory of how wormholes could be created. Goggle images under the key word wormhole, hyperspace or the sliders wormhole in UTUBE animations that have videos and still images of all sizes as large as computer desk top wall paper sizes available. The images also include the web site address the images were taken from.

Mallory had created the legendary Einstein Pulaski  bridge as the earth's weather creates tornadoes. They are natures symmetry systems. Some pretty fancy arithmetic involving a lot of number crunching, taking into account of  the pressure to survive sliding inside wormholes, not to mention the gravitational stress forces, the G-forces in the velocities, including temperature control formulated for three dimensional models a person can survive in just like projecting how much a person can survive the three dimension inside world of a tornado forming including temperature calculations.

Mallory however had found a formulae stabilizing an artificial wormhole that was constantly in touch with the gravitational pull of another earth in a different dimension while it was open. He built a remote control unit saving the information in it's memory. All he had to do was to point in mid air pressing a button and the tiny microchip circuitry did the rest A beam rayed out spreading open the vertex. The hyperspace tunnel searched for the gravity the same as the earth origin like a missile looking for a target.

All the sliders had to was to innate the timer and jump in letting the hyperspace tunnel take them to what ever alternate earth it linked with. The gravity of that world did the rest snatching at them literally falling the sliders though it like falling from the sky scraper in a sideways plane.

Theoretically there should be many earth's in the universe that evolved differently. The timer latched onto a match to Quinn's earth. The sliders always landed in worlds exactly the same gravitational force and atmosphere pressure. The only thing was alternate histories both geologically and human made.

Thus began the on going adventures of the sliders sliding from one world to the next hopping the next one would take them back home all throughout the series. The first indication of the strange nature of quantum physics goes back to 1803 to an English Physist Thomas Young investigating light with a simple experiment that supported it as a waveform. Young directed a tiny beam though a double slit to a light sensitive film. To his surprise the film recorded a set of light and dark exposes. ( Reminiscent to a digital bar code paten ). The paten was the result of two beams of light waving like waves that had to have been intervening with each other.

When he tested a single slit the film recorded the same interference paten. No mater what he did the film always recoded the same Patten. For light to be made of particles certainly does things particles could not, only interfering waves. The wired thing light does things waves could not do conformed by Albert Einstein when he published his Photo Electric effect theory.

In the 1920's there was increasing evidence atoms behave the same way. The weirdest thing light and atoms randomly chooses to be particles or waves when ever they feel like it whether we observe them or not. The weirdest thing ever the mere fact of observing them they seem to do the opposite we expect as if to spite us.

Being a wave is described by the classical example of a pebble dropped into a pond where ripples radiate from the center caused by the displacement of water by the pebble.

As early as the mid 1920's the standard model of the atom was seen as an outer orbiting particle called electrons racing round the core trapped by the attractive force of huge core particles called protons holding the electrons in orbit like the gravity of the sun on the planets of our solar system. Today is though of as how nature holds matter together. The truth of the matter by the turn of the 1930's the behavior had really become wired to a point of being contradictory and illogical including the nuclear force being stronger than gravity.

It had become clear not the atom but the effect of the electrons that appear to exist in lots of places at the same time as a cloud of no certainties only possibilities. Never the less, a Danish physicists Niels Bore proposed evidence they jump from one orbit to another and here is the wired part, seemingly without crossing the space between. Electrons seem to teleport from one orbit to the other on a light speed in our bodies on a light speed scale every second of our lives.

Albert Einstein was always venomously opposed to such quantum physics poppy-cock. He was not alone. Two physicist colleges a Russian Boris Polvoski and a American Nathan Rosen shared his views. In 1935 in a attempt to discredit or at lest question Quantum physics they teamed up to publish a report on what they though of the current quantum physics ideas.

To the three Physist the most disturbing quantum physics claim current experiments have shown evidence the particles of the atom exist in two places at the same time theoretically including the whole universe influencing each other clear across the other implied an instantaneous exchange

The EPR trio were very dubious any particle existing in to different planes at the same time let a lone influencing each other in the vastness of the universe. This implied faster than light speed the trio could not swallow. This instantaneous action at a distance spooked them.

Particle accelerators since have discovered even weirder particles called Quarks. They are fond in the atom's core believed to act as the strong force gluing the two huge nucleus particles together. Particle accelerator research has shown evidence Quarks can't exist on their own only in pairs or triplets and are notoriously cannot be predicted. It is as if they know they are being predicted and do the opposite and emerge out of nothingness for no reason at all at that. It is believed the act is the strong force that holds the atom together.

This had lead to the believe of an entanglement theory based on the behaviour of the of the atom. It was once a theory that what atoms did in this part of the universe a copy was created clear across the other side.

Think of computers as an example of back up systems designed for in the middle of a power cuts where they restore themselves to full operation when the power comes back on. Operating on the same principle in theory scientists may have destroyed the universe (or at lest our part anyway) equivalent of causing a short circuit cutting power playing round with experiments a dozen times over in last fifty years in particle accelerators.

During black outs time has no meaning to computers. In the same way the behaviour of the atom simply reset themselves based on the the template memory of the original  universe and since time has no meaning the world as we know it is none the wiser to what had just transpired at any time.

Comes to mind a 1984 New Zealand film called the quiet earth where such a scenario happened to the world. An Auckland university professor woke up from suicide to find he was the only person alive in the whole of Auckland region until he meat a only two others who had died at the time of the incident. The world was still very unstable. At the end of the picture funnily the audience views the professor looking at the time Auckland was back at the peak of the last ice age, before the Auckland's first volcanic outburst.

The heart of the sliders program when the EPR trio did some math's and physical experiment's on a couple of back to back paper funnels found it could be possible the deep well created by a black star could link up with another clear across the universe. Think of two kitchen funnels joined at the spouts forming a dimensional tunnel from one spout to the other in space that has become known as the legionary bridge the classical subject of wormholes. That and the spooky entanglement leading to parallel universe scenarios.

Did Mallory's antigravity experiment tap into the universe resources? Did the experiment able to manipulate the atom forces to creat a higher dimension of a black hole to great a wormhole?

A black hole is what's left of the pure gravity of a supper massive stare. Our sun won't cut it because it's much to small. All stars are nuclear reactors holding themselves together against the pull of gravity like the air inside pressure inside a balloon holding it full against the earth's air pressure.

They do this with enough run away energy to fuse stable hydrogen atoms into each other like a welder fuses metal. In doing so the hydrogen atoms are turned into stable helium atoms. In doing so light particles called photons explode away as the light we see in the universe.

When a supper massive star uses up it's hydrogen supply the energy is increased for a while puffing  out the the star straining at the seems. The star strains until the gravitation pull cannot hold onto it any longer and detonates into what we call a supernovae. Now all that's left is the super massive star's gravity. Remains falls back to the center of gravity on a break neck light speed scale. There is no hydrogen to helium conversion so no photons are produced. So the star becomes a black void. This is what we call a lack hole.

One episode the professor's double to a news media conference talked about how science believes there are parallel dimensions accessed by what was referred to Einstein Pulaski Rosenberg bridge system accentually a wormhole  named after Einstein and couple of Quantum physics critics a Russian and American Boris Podolskv and Nathan Rosen who teamed up in 1935 to produce a paper questioning the validity. In the hope of revealing gapping holes their paper was not at all flattering. Never the less from their points of view disappointingly inconclusive. Their questioning has became known as the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, (EPR) Paradox. The theory of atomic particles being in two places at once specially got their criticism.

Others believed if a black hole was spinning at light speed, the law of circular motion should produce enough centrifugal force to pry open an aperture forming a ringed black hole the gravity preventing the centrifugal force from evaporating into nothing we could travel though entering the dimensions of a parallel universe.

However if the law of circular monition works in the black void the infinitely dense and zero volume of the singularity would obviously need an infinite amount of centrifugal force which is mathematically impossible. According to classical physics since light speed is finite would produce a finite centrifugal force way not enough for an infinite requirement. But Quantum physics says considering the wired behavior of atomic particles anything is possible.

Another problem is the circle of the event horizon thousands of times larger than the microscopic point of the singularity at light speed imposing a problem. If a black hole was spinning at light speed classical physics tells us the laws of circular motion tells us the singularity would inevitably be spinning thousands of times faster than the light speed.

If a singularity was spinning at light speed then the distance of the event horizon is enviably slower. Quantum physics suggest the baize behavior of atomic particles get round this by breaking the laws of classical physics circular motion to make both the singularity and the event horizon to spin at the same time then. If black holes keep to the classical laws centrifugal force in open space has a infinite area to disperse though.

A season later the series introduced to alternate world beings called Crowmags illustrating different life forms evolved from any number of the combinations including us and our entire history on earth of our ancestral brothers the Cro-Magnon men that once lived along side us humans. In recent years Scientific American Magazine has published a paper showing DNA evidence the human race came within inches of becoming extinct in this world.

Theory goes billions of alternate realties these Crowmags evolved along side humans on one earth that was at constant war with these humans for centuries. In the sliders program Crowmags where also sliders bent on enslaving humans in the different worlds they traveled to. If you saw the series one can only imagine what it would be like  to travel to parallel human worlds for ourselves.

The sliders implied implications of doubles that exist in the same space and time as us living different life because of the infinite amount of decisions we make alternately deciding our doubles and us outcome.

Atoms

Atoms we and everything else in the universe are made of are no longer seen as the smallest piece of matter. In the last thirty years are seen as made up of particles. To give you an idea how tiny atoms are think of the thickness of a typical news paper sheet ( Any piece of paper in fact }.

A typical school ruler will measure it smaller than a millimeter in fact a few a micrometers ( or commandingly known as a few microns ). A micron is a tenth of a millimeter. In terms of a meter decimal 0.000001. The reciprocal tells us the same number of zeros only the 1 on the left of the 0's  a  million the reciprocal a millionth telling us a  million micrometers equals a meter. In theory close to a million news paper sheets stacked on top of each other would measure a meter high.

A toy magnifying glass shows the edges not smooth as we observe with the naked eye but a hint of a fluffy edge. A microscope worth a lot of money will show magnified hundreds of times  looking like huge tangled mountain range kilometers wide. We are observing our body cell size. This mountain range is only the molecules in nano a thousand millionth of a meter nine decimal 0's and 1 size. The reciprocal is the same number in the positive value a thousand million nano's in a meter.

Such large numbers are expressed in exponents. For example a thousand is 1 multiplied by ten three times giving a total of a four decimal number 1 and three 0's expressing a thousand expressed as times ten to the power of three. It is written in short hand which can be any number besides 1. We are multiplying one by ten three times. If we do our arithmetic on this tells us the reciprocal is equally divided by ten three times giving us a thousandth, giving us equally four decimal number in this case three with a little minus sign just to the left of  little razed three. In fact if you take ten to the three and add a minus sign the same number becomes a thousandth. If you remove the sign the same number becomes a thousand.

The cells of our body are made up of the elements of the earth yet no where near the size of atoms only several million times larger than atoms powerful microscopes can show of a piece of matter. From a meter point of view decimal values on this scale are as large as a twenty five numbers long. It is equal to a  millimeter divided by ten twenty one times ( times ten to the minus twenty one of a millimeter or eighteen times of a micrometer respectively.

The next smallest step is the molecules of every element beyond ten to ten minus eighteen of a millimeter. Of all the water molecules of the oceans of the world including our fresh drinking water every molecule is made up of a single hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms totaling about ten to the minus twenty five of a millimeter tiny. The metabolism of every cell in our bodies is processing the molecules in our daily lives. Smaller than a molecule our body becomes a pile of the elements we are made of. If the elements left is view any closer every element becomes the atoms of the universe is made the same atoms stars are made of.

At this tiny level atoms are not solid point particle spheres we imagine them to be but an atmosphere of energy spheres racing round a central core of very large particles orbiting and spinning like planets orbiting a star in this case on a light speed scale. The atmospheres are made up of electrons and the millions of times larger inner particles called protons and neutrons.

The standard model of the atom is seen as a cloud of particles called electrons. Think of dozens of ball bearings orbiting on a light speed scale round a couple of central core ( Nucleus ) particles. These central particles  are called protons and neutrons. The two central particles are jammed together with a force rivaling the gravitational pull of a black hole expressed as the nuclear force. The total diameter of the electron orbit cloud is no larger than ten to the minus twenty five of a millimeter or equivalent to ten to the minus thirty one of a meter. The electrons are tiny compared to the core particles. The space between the electrons and protons is as vast as the space between the distances of the planets of our solar system.

The orbiting electrons are believed to be made up of particles called takceons and neutrinos while the core particles made up several particles ranging from several different verities of Quarks, to bosons. All these particles make up atoms of the elements that make up the molecules of the cells of our body that make up the organs that make up our bodies.

Mathematics says there should be no resistance in a vacuum where light should be able to travel freely at an infinite velocity. Despite this it doesn't go any faster than just under 300,000km per second. ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles per second if you like ) If we do our  arithmetic tells us if we view the universe at light speed it should look slowed down traveling the distance of 300,000km in 300,000 seconds instead of one second. If we do the math's on this the universe travels at three thousand kilometers per second about equivalent to a long weekend to travel the same distance we view light travel a second. The reciprocal predicts light travels a kilometer in three hundredth second'

If we do the arithmetic on this equivalent to ten thousand and eighty million kilometers per hour. Despite no resistance it is at it's maximum momentum of light. This makes light finite. Like light a tiny finite unit called a Planck constant forty decimal  0's  six, two, six,  of a meter totaling a forty three decimal number or on a millimeter scale six, point  two, six times ten to the minus thirty five of a millimeter.

It is believed the Planck constant is the smallest amount of time, length, mass, and energy in the universe. Both light speed and Planck constants tells us there should be no infinities.

Not even the very center of a black hole ( called a singularity ) should be any smaller. The whole universe should be a Planck scale. According to the Planck scale the maximum mass of a singularity should be 6, 2, 6,  40,  0 solar masses or tones on the earth scale. It shouldn't be any heavier.

According to classical physics the particles tend to move back and forth in the case of a light speed scale. They accelerate to a peak decelerating to a stop reaccelerating back the opposite direction to a stop to reaccelerate back the opposite direction repeating the cycle.

The frequency constitutes to the what is known as an electromagnetic radiation in the universe ranging in wavelength's as long as a kilometer to as short as thousands of times across the width of a human hair. A big confusion about atomic particles they often do things waves cannot do and do things particles cannot do. This has questioned if particles are what they are or waves. The only solution was to guess they could be both characteristic.

In 1984 three particle physicists discovered a chemical made up of the same hexagon  and pentagon shape round a soccer ball. The spherical  cadge like structure went a long way towards string theory. It tells us particles of the atom could well be this cages structure made of strings.

Out of all the electrons in the universe every one is an identical clone of each other. There is no difference. So too, the other sub atomic particles everything in the universe is made of right down to the strings that make the cadge spheres. The air we breath is made up of the same atomic stuff as a car door.

The study of the debris smashing the nucleus of the atom together close to light speed velocities in the vacuum rings of particle accelerators have uncovered what appears to extraordinary quantum mechanics magic behavior. For instance it is a belief particles of the atom occupy two places at once physics believing expanding the whole universe at the same time. To do this these physics have to believe can communicate other particles millions of light years distance in less than a second.

They seem to poses the extraordinary ability to disappear and reaper as by if magic. To us being on a Planck scale will seem that way tunneling the though an empty space of a vacuum. If we slowed down in time to a Planck second we may observe each particle move a Planck length. In other words a quantum leap, a Planck length in a Planck second. ( 40, decimal  0's  6, 2, 6 of a meter in 40,  decimal  0's  6, 2, 6 second ). As a Planck scale is a constant light light speed will be the absolute fasted time they can travel same distance. It is finite not anything infinite.

If we take the reciprocal of a Planck length all the particles of the atom are quantum jumping 40 decimal 0's  6, 2, 6  of a meter  6, 2, 6  40,  0's  per second every second every fixed place in the universe.

Electrons are identical clones of each we would never be a tell each one apart like trying to pick out a single basket ball from millions identical copies of each other. Every electron quantum jumping we would never be able to tell which one had tunneled where. Electrons are not in two places in the universe at at the same time only the whole universe is alive with this quantum jumping of electrons in fixed places that appear as the illusion of a action at a distance.

The whole universe is in this state of action this part of the universe as much as clear across the other side is, every cubic Planck length of it.

When you understand the the week and strong forces of the one can advance the knowledge of electronics The basic electrical law like magnets like repel and unlike tract is the key to how a electric current flows. For example2 north seeking or south seeking poles of a magnet repel each other because they are likes. So too electrons repel electrons. repel each because they are likes.

North and south seeking poles of magnets attract each other because they are unlike. So too, Protons in the core of atoms are unlike electrons in the opposite electrical charge where electrons are attracted to the core.

The opposite electrical charges electrons are negative while the protons positive. In the week for the outer electron orbits are attracted way by a domineeringly positive force creating a lack of electrons where the atoms become some what domineering positive.  The equal amount of lack of electron orbits is crowed on to neutral atoms where these atoms are some what domineeringly negative. These can exist as a static force

Common touch cells and batteries identifies each terminal with a plus sign for positive ( + ) and a minus sign for negative ( - ). Each torch cell ( or battery ) is alive with this force at each terminal called Voltage that does not flow. The flow of current when an excess electrons in a nearest negative voltage see's a close proximity of a positive voltage attracted away and repelling themselves in one steady direct direction known as a direct current.

An alternating current is the result of alternating North and south magnetic fields from a spinning magnet in a coil winding or a coil winding spinning in a magnetic field. It doesn't matter which way it's still a alternating north and south seeking poles each one magnetizing each turn inducing a corresponding live and static alternating voltage opposite voltages each end of the winding.

An open live mains cable the two opposing voltages are alternating 60 times a second in the pair of live wires. Connected to a appliance the electron current flow alternates back and forth 60 times per second each peak doing work. Thus the like repel and unlike attract is the heart of electronics like your computer for example.

The strong force is in the nucleus. This is where only colliding the nucleus close to light speed can separate the neutrons from the protons like tiny magnetic that need a few trillion  tones of pull to pull apart. The nucleus is very stable under normal circumstances.

A study of the periodic table of the number of protons, neutrons including the number of electrons and electron orbits of the elements are a example of stable nuclei. There are many children's science and technology books on nuclear physics that go into more detail.

The periodic table of the elements exist because of the random nature of the electron quantum jumping properties since the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe. The table tells us each element is has a set number of electrons in a set number of orbits, assigned a number of  of protons and neutrons. It is school boy knowledge a water atom is a hydrogen  atom entangled with 2 oxygen atoms.

Bicycle derailleurs

Commuters living locally in a hilly suburbia loose a lot of peddle reeves negotiating the hilly grades. The various sprocket sizes on every bike are meant to help compensate for the loss. The trick is to use the gearing range to avoid the inevitable peddle reeve drop shifting to a gear that increases them before a tough struggle begins. The technique is very helpful in  maintain reeves both up hills and into head winds.

Any changing difficulties is caused by the inner cable that pulls the gear changers derailing the chain up and down the sprockets not being able to pull the derailleurs properly. luggage like pandio bags fouling the rear derailleur will do it. Otherwise the rest is just general maintenance.

The basics involve adjustment stop screws that are meant to stop the chain from derailing off the sprockets into spokes or the smallest sprocket fowling the chain in the frame. There is a pair screws one for the largest and one for the smallest sprockets on both derailleurs. These work fine under normal conditions. But the majority of trouble is caused by disassembly then reassembly practices re-anchoring the inner wire cables back onto the securing bolts.

Examining the inner wire in bike shops is a vindication the inner wire cable should be always be straight. Any bends or kinks the cable can't pull the derailleur properly. The procedure to fix this is as follows.

Turn you bike upside down resting on the seat and handle bars.

For the front chain wheel changer set the chain on the smallest sprocket. Depending on whether your left or right handed with one hand adjust the gear lever on the handle bars and the other turning the crank letting derailleur knock the chain dropping onto the smallest sprocket. If the derailleur stop screws are set properly the chain shouldn't miss.

If it does adjust the stop screw so that it just stops it from doing so.

Loosen the inner wire cable anchor bolt enough you can pull the inner wire out from under the nut leaving the nut attached.

Reposition the inner wire cable threading under the loose nut observing the wire is straight making sure there is no bends or kinks. Pull the inner cable tail fairly tight and tighten the nut.

If there is still a bend odds are the wire has been bent. Inner wire cables can generally be set straight and try again.

Exactly the same procedure apples to the rear gear changer. If you remove the anchoring nut completely you will find the bolt easily falls out into the rear derailleur cavity where you will find it extremely difficult if not impossible to get at it. If it get to a point where it is necessary, to help prevent the bolt from falling in, place a piece of wood lodged under the bolt head to hold bolt in place. You will be safe to remove the anchoring bolt nut completely.

Albert Einstien Issac Newtown

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity has been instrumental in the development of time travel one way or another. It comes in two parts a 1905 special theory detailing space and time on a light speed scale and ten years latter a rewrite of the 1905 paper into general form detailing the mass of planets and stars bending space distorting space and time.

Way before Einstein the time of Isaac Newtown introducing the concept of gravity it was suggested if strong enough should capture a hundred percent of light. If such a star existed should not see it because it would be the same color as the back drop of space hiding it. It was expressed as dark start right up to recently ( 1967 in fact ) coined a black hole.

In 1935 Einstein and a couple of collages Boris Podolskv and Nathan Rosen setting out to discredit quantum physics opened a can of worms on dark stars. Theoretically their masses heavy enough should distort deep wells in space. Purely from a theoretical view point if they sink deep wells in one part of the universe they may well link up with others clear across the other side of the universe forming a bridge. The idea was expressed as the Einstein/Podolskv/Rosen bridge since. In other words the vertex of the legendary wormhole that theoretically open out into parallel universes.

Einstein and Newton used mathematics as a indispensable tool to describe how the universe worked. Number crunching arithmetic build their theoretical parameters. Einstein strongly felt quantum physics uncertainty principle and infinity was a grave limitation. Both knew all to well how important arithmetic number crunching. It created Newtown's laws of force and motion inventing Calculus in a attempt to describe mathematically how the universe worked. 

Algebra is a branch of mathematics that brushes up students of all ages on the art of number crunching skills using English and Greek letters of the alphabet representing an infinite variety of ways the law of mathematics arranges sums. Calculus was the invention of Isaac Newton in a attempt to explore the mysteries of the universe. If time machines and wormhole portals are to be built prototypes are build from blue prints from arithmetic that set out the parameters. After all the law of mathematics helped Einstein's work on the General theory.

Like the big bang theory that has supposed to have greeted the universe we have to break the law of physics to build wormhole portals and time machines. A good example of what we are all taught at school about matter can't be created or destroyed. We forget this when describing the effect of the gravitational filed of black holes crushing it out of existence and the big bang theory started from nothing but a tiny vacuum universe no bigger than a particle of the atom.

We'd all think light in open space is traveling in a vacuum. Mathematics tells us a vacuum must mean a zero resistance. Of all the atomic particles of electrometric radiation radiating from all the galaxies of the universe including the light our eyes are sensitive to must be filled with it. With out the air we breath the earth's surface would only be the same zero air pressure as the moon's surface. The electromagnetic radiation of the sun is constantly bombarding irradiating the moon's surface. Air in a tin can on the surface or in out open space with air in it will detonate  because there is no air pressure on the can. Taking it out in the earth's air pressure would crush the can inwards. Air in our bodies and tin cans on the earth's surface is equal.

The earth's atmosphere exists in a vacuum meaning the vacuum of space is just zero air pressure point of view. Radicalizing electromagnetic radiation exists as pressure including the visible part we see filling the volume of space. We only need to think of the pressure of the solar winds from the nearest star to earth our sun. In such a case space is only the absence of air pressure filled with the pressures of the universes solar winds. Taking into account all the radiating electromagnetic radiation spewed by the universe there is no such thing as a true volume.

Despite seeming a zero resistance of out of space light speed is limited to just under under three hundred thousand kilometers ( two hundred and ninety seven thousand and some meters per second to be exact or in terms of a hundred and eighty six thousand miles per second if you like ). If we do some arithmetic on this on this tells us any zero resistance light should be infinite. But it's not. Despite no resistance it travels a fixed distance of three hundred thousand kilometers every time we say one thousand and one. In other words three hundred thousand kilometers pe second velocity.

One thousand and one is a dead reckoning start and end of a second the time light travels the light speed distance, a light second the distance light travels in a second. In other words light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers by the time we say one thousand and one.

Setting out figures one thousand and one reference is the time the second hand of analogue wall clocks including any time piece moves a single division including the time each second changes in digital time pieces and the same time when walking a meter per second we walk a couple of strides in a single meter. A second is a expansion of space and time light travels every second in.

If we walk a meter per second we can ask our arithmetic initiative how fast would that be in kilometers per hour. The standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer.  If we do the arithmetic on these figures a walking pace pans out to the equivalent of three point six kilometers per hour velocity. Sixty seconds in a minute times sixty minutes gives us a total of three thousand six hundred meters. In other words a meter in every second in an hour velocity.

Algebra teaches us the law of mathematics tells us any number multiplied by itself is a square. The scientific formulae would tell us kilometers per hour equals sixty squared times meters per second. ( In the case of a meter per second walking pace pans out to a distance of three thousand six hundred in an hour at a velocity of 3.6kmph respectively ). Replacing the comer with a dot and the 0's with kmph we have the same as meters per second only in kilometers per hour. One meter in every second of an hour proves it is true one meter per second velocity equals three point six kilometers per hour velocity. Mathematics can't lie you know.

We are reminded of Newtown's force equals mass times acceleration formulae. Mass referees to the weight of gravity exerted on the mass of a physical body resulting in the weight of the body using the standard metric system prefix kilograms or in a scientific view point in Newton's. Newton's formulae doesn't really describe any force because the force in an acceleration is varying arithmetic can't predict unless a constant velocity. In other words arithmetic can project the force of moving body. Modifying Newtown's force equals mass time acceleration to force of a constant velocity equals mass times constant velocity. Using the formulae adding figures can project the impacting force of the mass of a fifty kilometer per hour vehicle. Even situations of decoration braking at the force of impact.

Arithmetic calculation with tangible figures is the key to space time symmetry. In this case three point six kilometers per hour walking velocity is the distance traveled the same time a typical one hour TV program. The symmetry tells us a one hour TV program is a distance of three point six kilometers at three point six kilometers per hour. The arithmetic tells us the person walks sixty meters per minute as there is sixty minutes in an hour. The distance of a kilometer is a meter every second equal to the same thousand meters. If we do the arithmetic on this pans out to a distance of space time of just over sixteen and a half minutes per kilometer.

If we keep doing number crunching projects we would cover the distance in an hour easily a couple of strides in every meter in ever second of an hour long walk. If we do the arithmetic with tangible figures on that we can project the total number of steps in that distance. If we apply the same to a light second asking our arithmetic initiative how many meters in three hundred thousand kilometers we project light travels three millionth meters in a second. In other words by the time we stride a meter light had traveled a distance of three million meters. ( Or three hundred thousand kilometers if you like ).

We can turn our arithmetic skill to work out how much time light travels a meter. It is a mater of asking it if light travels three hundred thousand kilometers in a second assuming there is a thousand meters in a kilometer then how fast does light travel a distance of one meter?

Algebra and calculus teaches us how we can manipulate the law of mathematics to form a formulae telling us light travels a meter the reciprocal of three million meters. The reciprocal of light speed tells us light travels a meter three millionth of a second. That is because light speed is equally the same number as three million meters per second. The standard metric system prefix says micro for a millionth. When we multiply three millionth of a second ( or in three microseconds ) by three million ( the standard metric system prefix mega for a million ) equals one second. In other words a second equals three million microseconds. The arithmetic shows three millionth and three million are reciprocals of each other the same numbers only one in the minus and the other in the positive values of each other. As far as light speed is concerned there is three million microseconds per meter in every second.

If we do some more arithmetic on the diameter of the earth and light speed concludes light would travel about seven times round the earth. It is a simple mater of asking ourselves if light travels a straight line distance of three hundred thousand kilometers then how many times would light travel round the circumference circle of earth? Knowing the diameter and the distance light travels in a second our arithmetic imitative pans it out to about Seven times. From our point of view light speed velocity is three million times as fast as a second. But from light speed velocity's point of view of the environment would appear three million times as slow.

Consulting our math's skill we soon realize it is only the reciprocal of a light second. In this case at that velocity seven times round the globe the would look like to us to take as long as three hundred thousand seconds to make the same seven trips round the earth. In other words we would observe the environment's second looks slowed down by that much to us because the same seven times round the earth the same time a person walking a meter per second only moves a single meter.

If we ask our  arithmetic skills we can ask ourselves how many days is three hundred thousand seconds? Our arthritic confirms from our point of view we would observe the world as if it took us ten a half days to make the seven trips round the the gob. Our math's skill is capable creating  mathematical models of what it would be like to observe of the environment's second if we were circumnavigating the circumference of the earth at light speed. That is because from the environment's over point of view light had traveled three million meters by the time the walked a meter in the same time. Doing our arithmetic confirms light speed at three hundred thousand kilometers per second is three million times as fast as the environment second meter per second velocity.

If  there was a stationary clock when traveling round the globe at light speed we will enviably keep returning to it. Every time we do we would observe a stationery second hand. The next time round we would observe the second hand would only have moved a tiny fraction closer to the next division. Only every seventh time round the hand would move move a full division.

The time we observe the second hand we travel at light speed is a fixed constant that illustrates the consequence of the environment's time is not stopped but only slowed down to slow to observe moving. The arithmetic tells us we observe a person walking a meter the same time we travel the circumference of the earth seven times. The person will not appear to be move a meter any slower than we travel seven times round the world. I'm sure anybody into challenging arithmetic can work out the circumstances of time in only one revolution. Arithmetic reminds us traveling at light speed every three millionth of an environment second would appear as long as a second to us. In other words light speed is traveling in parallel with the environment's three microsecond dimension.

Operating on the principle the circumstance light speed, and the seven times round the world being constants appeared velocities can be projected. However the uncertainty principle in quantum physics dictates there should be no predictable pattern at all. We should not be able to project any velocity and motion on a light speed scale. However the uncertainty principle is actually a prediction of predicting uncertainty. The uncertainty principle should not be able to predict itself. Predicting the uncertainty predicts the laws of force and motion will not work on a light speed scale therefore arithmetic won't be able work to project the circumstance of the force and motion either. The uncertainty principle predicts we cannot predict the laws of force and motion on light speed scales.

The only other option the arithmetic and the laws of force and motion is very different beyond light speed. The difference may only be just inverted. This side of light speed the faster we go towards it the slower the universe time appears to be. If we think of the opposite direction beyond light speed the slower we go the faster the universe will appear to travel moving in the opposite direction. It is a theory to explain why the often held view point by most of us we travel back in time beyond light speed.

On this side of light speed there is no uncertainty of the the sunrise of the next day. We can project how long in time from our point of view at lest it would take for a single revolution round the earth environment's observer's point of view of us. Or how much time it takes to make a couple of revolutions, quarter of seven, half, or a third or three quarter respectively. Theses into challenging mathematics we know how to use percentage of seven to work things out. Seven times round the world equals the rough ten and a half days constant that percentage wise can be used in both cases to work out a variety of circumstances.

In terms of a kilometers traveling in a straight line in space we can consult our arithmetic asking it if light travels three hundred thousand kilometers per second then how much time does it travel a kilometer? Doing the math's we realize once again is only a mater of the reciprocal of three hundred thousand kilometers per second. The reciprocal concludes light travels a kilometer in three hundred thousandth second. If we we to view at light speed we would observe the environment around us slowed down to a kilometer per second. Proofs when we multiply one second by three hundred thousand giving us a light second. The law of mathematics tells the same as one second divided by the distance light travels in a second. Mathematics can't lie you know. You check the math's.

If we we apply number crunching indicates we would project light speed would see a kilometer per second as three hundred seconds to travel the kilometer distance panning out to be just under a long weekend for that distance. While we observe light takes a three hundredth second to travel a kilometer the math's tells us light speed see's time in the universe travels three point six kilometers per second longer while we see light speed three hundred thousand kilometers in a second.

Moonlight reaches our eyes in less than a couple of light seconds meaning any transmission between earth and moon is a delay about the time we can observe a minor DVD video skip. If we do the the math's on a minute we can project the distance light travels in a light minute. It's a simple matter of adding up all the seconds in a minute ( 60 seconds in a minute times three hundred thousand in every second )

If we take from the sun the nearest star to earth is 8 light minutes away is a time warp from earth. From our point view the sunlight we are observing in real time now, is only an image of sun as it was 8 minutes ago every second. Sunlight that just left the surface of the sun now is three hundred thousand kilometers above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence that won't reach our eyes until 8 minutes into our future our. The distance between earth and sun is a time warp. We always view the current sunlight as an image of as it was eight minutes ago every second.

In terms of kmph and mph mathematics projects light speed is about ten thousand and eighty million kmph ( or six hundred and sixty nine million six hundred thousand mph if you like ). It is the distance light travels by the time a one hour TV program the distance light travels in an hour is a light hour. If we do the arithmetic aggress three hundred thousand kilometers in every second of a minute times sixty minutes of an hour multiplied the final Talley multiplied by three hundred thousand.

Our arithmetic imitative tells us all the seconds of a day is represented by the first second of twelve midnight in the a.m. to the last second before twelve midnight in the p.m. a total of eighty six thousand four hundred seconds in that twenty four hour period. If we multiplied by a light second, projects the distance light travels in a day.

If we do the math's on a week begins the first second twelve midnight Monday morning to the last second twelve midnight Sunday night every second a constant distance of three hundred thousand kilometers every second gives light travels in a week a light week. Looking at the calendar there are various days to every month and were all taught the poem about how many days in each month at school. However if we do the math's we can add up all the seconds of a year straight, 86,400 seconds in a day multiplied by 365 days of the year multiplied by a light second gives us the distance light travels in a year.

If we are to calculate the distance light travels in a decade we find we need to take into account of the extra day given in the western calendar at the end of every February leap year. It is a simple matter of asking ourselves how many leap years go into ten years three. Operating on the principle we can project the seconds in a decade by adding all the leap year days onto the total of seconds multiplied by the 300,000km distance per second constant giving us the distance light travels in a decade we can apply to a centaury. And so we can project the distance light travels in a millennium ( a thousand years ), a million, a billion even as much as a trillion centuries of time distances.

The arithmetic gives us numbers way way beyond six digit values. The standard metric prefix numbering system begins with one unit, tens, two digit numbers, hundreds four digit numbers, kilo- a four digit number number for thousands, Mega seven digit numbers for millions, Giga ten digit numbers for thousands of millions, Tera for twenty five digit numbers for trillions, and way way beyond into hundreds of digit long numbers that can go as many as thousands long. 

All we need to do is just need to add up all the seconds in a trillion centuries in our computer scientific. It is a simple matter calculating of all the seconds in a century then multiplied by a trillion ( one and twenty four zeros is an American for a trillion ) and then multiplied by a light a second that will give the distance light traveled in that time.

Arithmetically speaking we can deliver a calculation that we can reach Pluto orbiting the outer reaches of our solar system in less than ten seconds on the basis of accelerating ten times the distance every second. We start off stationary no kmph using 0 to represent 0kmph. 

On start we traveled a distance of a meter by the time we said one thousand and one. By the second second we'd accelerated to ten meters. By the third second we'd accelerated to a hundred meters and by four seconds we'd accelerated a thousand meters which is equal to a kilometer in four seconds. In other words no meters, one second one meter, two seconds ten meters, three seconds a hundred meters, and four seconds a thousand meters ( Or kilometer ) in  four seconds. 

We can see this observing the four divisions the second hand of analogue wall clocks to digital time pieces. Our arithmetic inaitive asks us if we accelerated up to a kilometer in four seconds we can work out the kilometers an hour we accelerated to. Traveling at a constant velocity of a kilometer per second our arithmetic pans it out to three thousand six hundred kilometers per hour. Check out the math's. It will confirm ten times the distance every second is equal to 0 to three thousand four hundred kilometers per hour in four seconds. It won't lie you know.

If we continue accelerating ten times the distance every second by the end of the fifth second we'd be ten kilometers. By the end of the sixth second we'd be a hundred kilometers and by the end of the seventh second we'd be a thousand kilometers. Sixty times sixty every kilometer. In other words a thousand kilometers in seven seconds.

By the end of the eighth second we'd be ten thousand kilometers ( roughly the diameter of the earth in that acceleration ). By the end of the ninth second we be a hundred thousand kilometers, and by the end of the tenth second we'd be a million kilometers. ( Ten million kilometers in ten seconds ).

When we started off it was 0 representing no velocity. One represented only one meter one with no 0's. Ten was one with a one 0, two 0's was a hundred a thousand three, ten thousand four, a hundred thousand five, and a total of six 0's for a million kilometers for ten seconds. For every ten times the distance a 0 is added in every second. ( 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000 meters or four kilometers in a total of seven seconds respectively ).

Ten times the distance is another 0 added, ten million kilometers by eleven seconds. Another 0 we'd be a billion kilometers by the time twelve seconds. By the time thirteen seconds another 0 is added a ( ten billion kilometers ). By thirteen seconds another 0, ( a hundred billion kilometers ). By 14 seconds we'd accelerated a thousand billion kilometers. By quarter minute we'd accelerated a thousand billion kilometers a fifteen 0 kilometer number.

If for every second a 0 is added continues by the end of a minute we would have accelerated the distance of a sixty 0 kilometers. By a hundred seconds ( a minute forty seconds ) we'd be a hundred 0 kilometers. By an hour we would be a three thousand six hundred 0 kilometers. By a whole day eighty six thousand four hundred 0 kilometers.

If we keep accelerating ten times the distance every second in a week, a month, or a year it will be no where near infinite. Even every second of a decade a 0 is added, even in a century, in a millennia, in a million years, in a billion and even a trillion centuries and still no where near infinite. Even indefinitely still no where near infinite. If there is no end to any acceleration we be untold trillions and trillions of 0 kilometers distance and still no where near infinite.

Experiencing acceleration on the surface of earth is very different than in out of space. Take a Rolla coaster on earth. We experience the motion of a couple of kilograms per square meter weighing us down in our seats as we gain speed away from the loading dock. The weight is dramatic in the down hill runs we experience the fun of not slowing down when we hit those tight twist and bends. It is the property of acceleration. It is due to Isaac Newton's laws of force and motion where there is a force ( an energy propelling a body the power of a Rolla Coaster ) there is a an opposite and equal force generated by our own weight and and the cars resisting acceleration called inertia.

It comes to a point the inertia in the accelerated cars becomes so heavy they can't travel any faster. The cars reached their maximum speed limit. The opposite holds true when we apply some braking. All decelerating body's resist slowing down. One of Newtown's law of force and motion tells us if there is very little resistance the body will continue in a state of it's own momentum indefinitely. This is true for body's in out of space.

When we let go of a body from a space station hatch even a tiny object ( like a bottle of something ) will accelerate tumbling head over heals on it's own several thousand kilometers per hour and stop accelerating to the constant velocity tumbling on neck over bottom indefinitely. Them bottle tumbles head long at it's maximum momentum speed limit. Despite the zero resistance will continue for ever. Once it had reached it's maximum momentum speed limit it cannot travel any faster called terminal velocity. Or another way to put it, a terminal acceleration point.

The opposite is true dramatically demonstrated in high speed breaking. We experience the same weight pulling us forward trying to drag us on against the forward movement against the braking force. We can't expect a hundred and sixty kilometer per hour car to stop in a distance of a centimeter can we. The car is forced to travel skidding on locked up wheels for several hundred meters.

We are typically reminded of what we often express as G-force or commonly heard as "G's" in high speed acceleration. G's is equally true in high speed deceleration. One G is the weight of the earth's gravity. Two G's is twice the weight and three G's three times and so on. Maximum Roller coaster speeds is typically in the order of four G's we experience not slowed down in those tight turns. We are actually experiencing the weight of the inertia of our cars trying to pull us in a straight line in the change of direction. 

We don't have to be Einsteins to realize the G's a rocket railway track sled accelerated from zero to a kilometer in one second. If we do the math's pans out to 0 three thousand six hundred kilometers an hour take off. Acceleration is terminated at a kilometer per second velocity. The wild ride would travel three thousand six hundred kilometers in an hour.

Yet in out of space the same acceleration and hour ride will not be noticed. A space station in earth's orbit travels about tens of thousand of kilometers per hour. An astronaut can step from a hatch and not notice a thing. Try stepping out of a car traveling only a half meter per second velocity on the surface of earth. There is enough force to topple a person off balance. We can come to the conclusion gravity slows motion. At see level we can feel the force stepping out of a car traveling a half meter per second. There is enough to steady ourselves even topple us.

Another facture that that alter our perception of time is distance. Looking at the immediate rail siding out the window of a speeding train the siding flashes by but hills in the distance travel agonizingly slow. If we view the stars in out of space traveling at light speed the closest ones would be streaks while the most distant not moving at all. 

We could spend an hour and the most distant stars will not move a centimeter. Light from the very few of the closest we observe with the naked eye would be what they would have been like the time of Newtown we observe today. The rest are so far away they are so faint are invisible. The starlight that just becomes visible to us today is the same starlight the time of the dinosaurs. 

Stars further away the time earth was formed. Then there is the first light of the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe over fourteen billion years ago. The starlight that reaches our elderly great grand children we observe as faint stars that was once invisible to us today. Distance is time travel. It can easily take several generations of astronomers for invisible distance stars to become faint but visible. getting closer to earth every second.