We are familiar with the view points between Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein's laws of force, motion and gravity. Under Newton gravity is the result of bodies attracting each other and under Einstein shrink space round them. Mass is not supposed to be the same as weight. Sort of.
Under Newton mass is the size of a body resulting in the attractive force magnitude. The next time you are at a supper market weigh a 1kg food packet in you hand. That is the weight of the force of the size of the earth pulling it to the floor. Newton had described this as an inward pulling force while Einstein tells us the earth pulls inward bending space round the entire circumference. In other words your neighbourhood is beending space as much as the neighbourhood on the other side of the world. It varies at different places, at the equator 9.78 Newton's in the vicinity of London is almost exactly 9.81 and at each pole is about 9.32 respectively.
If we a mass reads a 1kg on a scale on earth, the same scale on the moon's surface reads the same mass only 833 grams. In other words a 117 grams lighter than if on earth. This is because the moon's force of gravity is a sixth of earth's. If we do the math's on this equals 5.88N.The same mass in space the scale will give a zero reading.
9.81N is the earth's constant no mater how big or small a body is defining the potential energy of a stationary body like the rest mass of your computer pressing on your desk top right now.
The work and energy of the earth's gravity is dramatically demonstrated when a kilogram is dropped from the roof of a tall sky scraper. The earth's gravity snatches it from zero to 9.81m in a second but stops accelerating to a constant per second there after. If we do the math's 5.16kmph acceleration terminated to a constant per second in a second in straight line straight down the side of the building impacting with the street below. The terminal acceleration is better known by familiar term terminal velocity but terminal acceleration is a better choice to describe it.
Impact with the ground testifies the mass was heavier during free fall than if at rest. The 1kg mass weighed heavier than it's rest mass in the first second to a constant during the fall. Impacts tell us the free fall motion weight has energy known as a kinetic energy testifying to the what a kilogram of butter can do colliding with another body such as the city side wall.
In other words free falling mass is not weightless as we would suppose. When we fall the first second charges us with weight. No doubt the second is fast for us to notice much especially the fright of the initial fall. Impact with the ground transfers the extra weight though the mass including people returning to original rest state in a second.
A feature of impact sold objects tend to not bounce. If we experiment with a solid basket ball will absorb the extra weight while an air filled ball will bounce high in the air doing little damage. The more solid (dense) the more the impact surface absorbs the extra weight of the motion and vice versa less dense the less it's absorbs. Dense bodies will absorb the maximum amount of weight as dissipating though it in a second.
Another feature of free fall just as in space is a tumbling effect. Shapes tend to tumble during motion a block of butter will tend to do. The tumbling effect explains why objects don't hit the ground flat on and tumbling asteroids and the spin of stars and planets.
Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity tells us operating on the principle the force is at work when accelerating hard in a horizontally plane. Roaring drag car take off's tell us that. We often hear boy races boasting their cars pull a few "G-s" or does the "tone". No doubt they are defining the experience of a few kilograms of weight pulling them back into their seats in race competion take offs. A leisurely 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in a couple of seconds is a reasonable acceleration. Imagine 0 to 160 (100mph) in a second, let a lone to light speed.
A classic example of the property of the weigh of bodies in motion are Rolla Coasters. They accelerate down hills, hitting tight bends with out slowing down. The worlds fastest accelerate faster than the worlds fastest racing cars therefore capable of pulling more "Gs".
We experience the high speed motion trying to keep us on a straight line course. The car's weight is forced to curve right and left twist and turns trying to keep them going in a straight line. In other words when we charge direction at speed we feel the weight attempts go straight ahead but changes direction in response to it. Doing loops the weights are at work trying to go straight ahead but forced to change direction every micrometer in each loop.
Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory points out a free fall is a motion which is a gravitational equivalence. Rolla Coaster cars and occupants are heavier than at rest. In other words Einstein had discovered the G-force properties when he thought of a person falling doesn't feel their weight crossed his mind. It is true only until we hit the ground. A person's body mass is heavier with the kinetic energy while in motion dissipating though the person to rest mass on impact with the earth.
Operating on the same principle NASA uses G-force to train astronauts as described by the special theory of reality. When a high altitude aircraft nose dives at great speed everything lifts off the floor in weightlessness including astronauts frolicking about in weightless fun. In other words the plane had become an antigravity machine Einstein realizing was canceling gravity expressed a s gravitational equlelence in other words G-forces at work.
It also works in the opposite direction. If the plane climbs fast enough the floor of the fuselages seems to press harder squeezing everything to it everybody experiencing stomach churning heaviness as if in a heavier gravity.
Formula one racings car manufactures design their cars ultra low and wide profiles because of speeds of up to 300kmph are possible pulling them to the tarmac like glue. Imagine trying to keep stable a twenty year old commercial van at a 160kmp (100mph) on a state highway. The faster the motion the more the G-force acts on a body with a vengeance made worse bodies with high profiles. Imagine a Rolla Coaster hitting the tight bends and looping loops at formulae one race car speed scales. The faster you go the and the higher the body profile the worse it gets.
Einstein's special theory was based on motion on a light speed scale. If we get down to the details light is made of particles called a photon though of as weightless (having no mass). If we understand Einstein's special theory on gravitational equalvence the special theory says gets it from it's velocity.
During writing Einstein thoughts discovered the properties of the maximum speed limit had profound effects on space and time. Since light cannot go any faster than 300,000/s is a constant, c for light speed. Since it is the distance light travels in a second safe bet to called it a light second. Reflecting off the surface of the moon is only a few light seconds from earth. As it takes just under eight minutes for light to travel from the sun to earth, the sun is the nearest star eight light minutes away.
When light enters the earth's atmosphere it is slowed down some what slowed even further though transparent matter like water, glass and prisms. Sold objects decelerate it to a stop it dead stop reverse direction accelerating back though the earth's atmosphere, than once clear accelerates to it's maximum speed limit in a second, all this in less than a few seconds of time.
We view light speed on a sub light speed scale. It is always a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. In hindsight by the time we say "One thousand and one". Using one thousand an one we can become pretty good at judging a distance of a meter a second walk. In other words a meter per second velocity. If we do the math's on this 3.6kmph when we multiply all the seconds of an hour. It demonstrates the distance from the sun to earth is the sum of 300,000km distance every second in eight minutes.
By the time we walk a meter in a second light has traveled 300,000km in the same time. If we apply some more math's we can calculate the distance light traveled we walked by the time a one hour TV program. Within every second light is always three hundred thousand kilometers distance. It cannot be any faster than a distance of that 300,000km in each second.
Our mathematical powerless agrees adding up all the seconds of an hour is a matter of sixty seconds in every minute sixty minutes in an hour. In other words a mathematical expression tells us seconds in a hour equals sixty squared. We can reference from the English or the Greek alphabet or any of the mathematical symbol selection for the seconds of an hour. Kilometers distance in an hour equals equals sixty squared c.
With information of light taking just under eight minutes to reach earth and the light speed constant we can calculate the distance. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a simple matter of adding three hundred thousand kilometers every second in eight minutes. Adding up all the seconds of eight minutes times the light speed constant gives us the distance the sun is from earth. In other words distance from the sun to earth equals sixty times eight three hundred thousand we walk the just over quarter kilometer. ( Four hundred and eighty meters to be exact).
The sunlight we observe now is what the sun was eight minutes ago every second. It would be even longer observing from mars, even longer still from Pluto. The sun's gravity holds Pluto in stable orbit in real time showing the mystery of the sun's gravity faster than light.
The reciprocal of the maximum momentum speed limit of light tells us if we would be three hundred thousand times as fast as the universe. From light speed's point of view the universe should seem to travel three three hundred thousand kilometers, three hundred thousand seconds. If we do the math's on this the universe's second would appear to slow down to a long weekend. In other words three kilometers per second.
The light we observe from mains lighting sources appear as a steady light. If we had x-ray eyes like supper man we would observe every light source looking like water wave ripples radiating from every light source.
It is due to the alternating back and forth of the mains. The mains is alive with positive and voltages alternating sixty times a second the positive voltages pulling the electron current flow one direction and the alternating negative voltage respells them back the opposite direction. The live alternating voltages is the is reason why it can be change into direct current source both positive and negative terminals the electric current flowing in one steady direction from negative to positive. It is only a simple matter of blocking one polarity direction giving the two polarities the same direction for a Direct Current conversion circuit.
The steady light see is the result of to fast for our eyes to detect. We observe high speed helicopter and aircraft propeller blades disappear into a bluer like that. The frequency of the mains lighting throbs from minimum to maximum brightness sixty times per second. The unit is Hertz. (60Hz). Mathematics tells us the reciprocal is the wavelength, sixtieth second. In other words one dived sixty equals 0.016666 of a meter (a sixteen millimeter wavelength). If we apply one dived the wavelength gives us the frequency.
If we were to travel a minute into the future we would be sixty times a fast as the environment second. We would observe the second hand of a clock as slow as we'd normally observe the minute hand the mains lighting sources illuminating the environment minimum and maximum brightness per second, in other words we'd observe it as 1Hz. The reciprocal tells us we'd be in parallel with the environment's 60th second that would seem as slow as a second and minute an hour respectively.
But from the environment's point of view we would appear 60 times as fast as each second and disappeared a minute into the future every second. To us the second hand would appear as slow as we normally observe the minute hand in fact indefinitely until such time we return to normal time.
If we observe the minute hand was to speed up as fast as we observe the second hand from the environment's point of view we'd be viewed 60 times as slow as each second. From our point of view though every environment minute will appear as fast as a second. If we continue for an hour we'd observe every environment hour as fast as every minute environment day, week, month and or years until we return to normal time.
From the environment's point of view we would appear to move 60 times as slow as normal. Imagine what it would be like to observe the hour hand of a clock sped up as fast as we normally view the second hand. With a bit of mathematics projects the environment's point of view we'd move 3,600 times as slow than normal. If we observe the environment day pass as a second the environment would observe us moving 86,400 times as slow.
If we observe a week, a month, or a year as fast as a second the environment would observe us move as equally as slow. In a way this is how we observe park statues. Form their point of view a trillion centuries would pass less than a second. Time has no meaning to billion year old fossils.
Some of us believe if we travel at light speed time stops. We have to accelerate to get there from normal time first.
Lets see what happens if we accelerate and come to a stop in a distance of a 160km (100 miles) in a second. In effect we start off from stationary. We would observe the environment second pressed into that distance. As we take off the environment's time should start to slow down slowly at first and speed up slowing down faster and faster as we approach time to brake. From the environment's point of view we may vanished out of sight or at lest look stretched like a rubber band a distance of 80km (50 miles) in half a second.
From our point of view is the point we brake decelerating back to a stop. At this point the environment is slowed down 80 times as slow as we'd normally view the environment's time. As we brake hard another 80kmph distance in half second to a stop the environment's time should start to speed up slowly at first getting faster and faster till we arrive back a second into the future a 160kmph away where we started. From the environment's point of view though the whole maneuver may look like we stretched like a rubber band snapping back to normal a 160km away by the time an observe says one thousand and one.
If we do the math's on light speed scale since we cannot go any faster than 300,000km distance in a second we could only accelerate a 300,000km distance in a second max. Like we took off to 80kmph, as we take off for light speed we would reach the deceleration point 150.000km distance in half second. The environment's time should start to slow down slowly at first getting slower and slower till it reaches 150,000 times as slow as the environment.
From the environment's point of view we may appear vanish out of sight or at lest look stretched like a rubber band a distance of 150,000km in that half second. From our point of view is the point we brake decelerating back to a stop.
At this point the environment my look slowed down 150,000 times as slow as we'd normally view the environment's time. As we brake hard another 150,000kmph distance in half second to a stop the environment's time should start to speed up slowly at first getting faster and faster till we arrive back a second into the future 300,000kmph away where we started. From the environment's point of view though the whole maneuver we may look as if stretched like a rubber band snapping back to normal a total 300,000km away by the time an observer says one thousand and one.
If we do the math's on a light speed scale 300,000 seconds is just short of a long weekend. In other words we'd observe every environment second as long weekend. Since light speed is at it's maximum momentum we should not be able to observe the environment's time any slower. It would be the slowest point we could observe time slow down.
If we continue with the math's time is still moving and in the normal forward direction. If we slow down towards normal time the environment's time should accelerate back up as we return to the time time.
If we were traveling at light speed we would be in parallel with light speed. What would it look like? Currently at our sub light speed level we observe sunlight as a sheet of steady light every second just as we see the frequency of the mains lighting as a steady light.
Traveling at light speed we would probably observe sunlight light as we don't know on a Planck scale slowed down to a second. In other words we should observe light as slow as we normally view it in our sub light speed time.
The steady light as we know it is an energy traveling in parallel with us. Quantum physics tells us we could observe actual particles called Photons alternating in and out of space and time. They may look like an infinite number as far as our eyes can see in every direction. At light speed every individual photon should be slowed down disappearing and reappearing as if by magic in a meter every second.
Mathematics predicts our current sub light speed we are just viewing the action the reciprocal of a Planck scale. In other words, an energy equal to ten to the forty three hertz , ten to the minus forty three meters per second.
Physicists tell us that light is both particle and a waveform. It is only a tiny part of the universe's electromagnetic radiation we can't see from microwaves rays to inferred. When we press our remote control unit buttons to our entertainment equipment inferred beams ray out to the appliance sensor. Classical physics tells us all electromagnetic radiation follows a certain linear path. The mains for example is a alternating electrical current only many millions of times faster than sixty times a second.
According to classical physics waving particles like a pendulum swing accelerate to a maximum distance slow down to a stop, reverse direction, accelerate again decelerate to a stop reverse direction repeating the cycle many times per second.
The unit the frequency per second in hertz the standard metric system tells us kilo for a thousand times Mega for a million times, Giga for a thousand million times and tetra for a billion times, Kilohertz, Megahertz, Gigahertz and Terahertz frequencies ( Hz, KHz, MHz, GHz and THz ) respectively. Our radio remote control units been radio wave frequencies a little above the mains power line frequency.
The maximum distance of each cycle is the wavelength. look at the divisions of a typical school ruler. They measure the thickness of a typical ball point pen line about a millimeter across. Technical engineering rulers will measure the thickness of a typical news paper sheet about a micrometer thick.
These are Mili- (mill lee ) for a thousand, micro- for a millionth, nano- for a thousand millionth and Pico- for a billionth of a meter respectively. Looking at a example a we see the relationship of a micrometer is correspondingly a megahertz frequency. The law of mathematics tells us one dived a Megahertz and one dived a micrometer is a megahertz and so on. What this means a wavelength equals one divide the frequency and correspondingly frequency equals one divide the wavelength respectively In other words any frequency and wavelength are relative reciprocals of each other.
Light being made up of particles move back and forth like a pendulum swing many times per second giving light it's waveform characteristics. We are familiar with Isaac Newtown's famous discovery prisms separating the colors of the rainbow straight from white light. Red is the longest wavelength (or lowest frequency) we can observe of light while violet (a purple blue) is the shortest (or highest frequency). No color is any shorter than a nanometer meter or longer than a micrometer. In other words the entire color wavelengths we observe fits inside the width of a news paper sheet.
Wavelengths longer than the visible red are the invisible inferred range we can't see any more only inferred cameras can see. Inferred camas can see it and the heat radiation from a freshly solidified lava flow in the middle of a dark night we can't see as black body radiation. So to a freshly put out camp fire. They can see the heat radiation from anything from those to with a beating heart.
Lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) are commercial radio and Television transmition station signals, telecommunication, wireless (WFi) internet and radar wavelengths no longer than a millimeter. Longer wavelengths are cosmic up to a kilometer believed to be the remaining left over background radiation from the so call big bang that has supposed to have created our universe.
At the other end of the visible spectrum wavelengths shorter than visible violet it's invisible Ultra violet (UV) radiation that tans our skin. X- Rays are higher in frequency. The wavelength are as short as few nanometers (or Gighertz frequencies). Higher frequencies are gamma ray wavelengths produced in the heart of all stars, sun flairs and nuclear explosions.
The maximum speed limit we refer to visible light includes the entire electromagnetic radiation from the kilometer long wavelength to the picometer short wavelengths of gamma rays. They travel a maximum distance of 300,000km in a second.
Mathematicians had a problem predicting the frequency range. It couldn't pan out quite right. Stone cold ion bars deflecting light light we see must be radiating light since we can see the iron bar.
When heated it radiates purple and blue colors changing into orange yellow and red when almost molten. Theoretically there should be some gamma ray radiation. The sun's predicted an infinite range of frequencies. This meant a common camp fire or molten lava as powerful as a nuclear explosion, gamma ray energy incinerating the environment, earth and the universe a long time ago. But they don't. There seems to be a maximum limit. In the old days was known as the Ultra violet light catastrophe problem these days as a gamma ray catastrophe.
In 1900 a German Physicist Max Planck working on the problem of Ultra Violet light Catastrophe enounced he discovered a solution. Energy wasn't an infinity smooth variation but comes in tiny packets called quanta. In other words time, matter, energy (includes light) and mass was quantum. It is a constant 34 decimal zeros on the left of 6626068 a total of a 43 decimal number. Scientific notation is said to be 6 point 626068 times ten to the minus 43. Thus 6.626068 × 10-43 equals 0.0000000000000000000000000000626068).12 zeros is a billionth (a Pico-) 18 is a trillionth. (atto-)
Mathematics tells a reciprocal is the same number of zeros on the right of the same number, a total of a 43 digit number for the positive value. In other words just by removing the minus sign gives equals the number of minus values in a second. Adding it in gives the minus value. (So if 6.626068 × 10-43 equals 0.00000000000000000000000000006626068, then 6.626068 × 1043 equals 626,068,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. 12 zeroes is a billion, a tera-, and 18 is trillion).
Quantum Physics tells us each photon of light tunnels though space on a Planck scale. In other words disparagers and reappears the Planck distant in the minus value the same constant in a second in. Thus light has a Quantum jump the the number of times the Planck constant positive value frequency. The wavelength of a gamma ray for example is made ten to the Planck constant steps just as a kilometer long radio wavelength.
Einstein's published another paper in 1905 solving the puzzling effect why sunlight can produce a significant amount of electric current in a conductor. He had realized Max Planck was onto something when he announced his Planck scale in 1900. Einstein pointed out if Planck was right mater, energy, mass and time was on a discrete fixed packets (quota) there is no reason why not to apply to light. As light is thought of as waves low frequency photon waves will have low kinetic energy, while the high frequencies have higher kinetic energies.
This explains why inferred radiation produces virtually no electric power but UV rays from the sun can produce a significant amount. Albert Einstein's photo electric effect paper explains how modern solar cells work. There are electronic toy kit set projects for children to assemble using little solar cells demonstrating the power of sunlight t5hat will generate a significant amount of electronic current to run a little toy kitset radio set to an tiny electric motor. Operating on the principle with larger cells can run model railway systems off the frequency of the UV radiation from the sun.
CD players use thick red laser beams which means a low frequency reading these discs. Being very thick and low frequency there is a limited amount of space and a high power drain on the appliance as well. DVD is a modified CD technology that allowed the bean to be less thick due to a little higher in frequency increasing the amount of data space in the disc offering lower power drain advantage at the sometime. Blue ray is the next step up a very thin blue beam which means a high frequency low power drain laser.
How the photoelectric effect works is found in the law of electrical engineering telling us the terminals of common touch and pen light cells are created by removing some of the electron orbits of neutral atoms creating domineering positive atoms, (called ions) and the same number of electrons crowed onto to orbits of other atoms stored in the opposite terminal creating domineering positive and negative atoms in each terminal. The combined effect is a live positive and negative voltage that does not flow only live one terminal marked with a red plus sign for positive and the other a black minus sign for negative.
An electric current is establish when a load is in parallel with the terminals. The electrons in the domineering negative terminal are attracted by the nearest positive voltages in the load repelled by the nearest negative voltage direction to the positive terminal. As the electrons balance each terminal towards neutral the battery has run out.
Operating on the principle the high energy of the high frequency in electromagnetic radiation in light each photon can knock out electron orbits creating domineering positive and negative atoms as static electric charges. The continues electromagnetic radiation will result in a continues static discharge flow to the nearest negative to positive flow directions. Einstein assumed the kinetic energy of each photon was doing work and energy on a Planck scale in the metal.
These day there are children's electronic kit set projects using toy solar cells as the electrical power source demonstrating the photoelectric effect from running a crystal set to an electric motor straight from the sunlight shinning into their bedroom window. A rather more sophisticated design in the hands of someone with electrical engineering skills can design a solar powered model railway. Not too, using a water wheel can design a model power station complete with model pylons transporting the electric power.
No battery or mains, just light and a model water wheel as a power station generating the electric power. Slot car tracts in the roads can be used to add a more realistic effect of road traffic movement. Just imagine a working model of a motorway all from the light streaming from the sun shinning on a bunch of solar cells.
It is a common belief gravity slows time. It goes without saying for a black hole. It is believed people at street level age slower than those on the top floors of city sky scrapers. A second at street level is a few microseconds slower than the top floors of towers. Thus the closer to the center of gravity the slower time is. In other words we can look at it the other way the further away from the center of gravity the faster time flows meaning a second at on the top floor of towers is a few microseconds faster than street level.
As we ascend a tower from street level we are moving away from ground level gravity aging faster. As we descend down from the top floor we are acceding back down to the ground level gravity aging slower as we go. In other words each second is compressed shorter by a few microseconds and vice versa stretched a few microseconds longer again as we descend back down towards ground level gravity.
Operating on the principle time flows faster away from a gravitational filed than close to one. If a person travels a great distance from earth time changes faster and returning to earth time changes slower back the person aging slower and slower catching up to present time back on earth. Time is changed in both directions going faster away just as equally going closer towards any gravitational field.
Einstein general theory tells us the mass of stars and planets collapses space round their circumferences. The mass of the earth is said to be 18 trillion metric tones heavy resulting in the two opposite poles each bending space equally inward, in fact every cubic micrometer right down to your own back yard. Your neighborhood is bending it just as the neighborhood directly the other side of the world. The air we breath is trapped between it's surface and the bent round the entire circumference.
Think of the water pressure of the deepest ocean trench in the world deep in the Marians. Down there enough pressure to crush submersibles like a bug the molten magma underneath under the same pressure moving on the magma's fluidness. The earth's mass causing billions of tones per cubic meter of weight on top causes the earth's crust to move on the fluidness causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Some of us believe the effects of Einstein's special theory results in time travel and the effects of the general theory predicts black holes capable of tunneling space from one side of the universe to the other.
The catalysts is largely concerned with the mechanical forces that alter space and time. To the lay person the smallest amount of time is the moment we say "One thousand and one". It is the moment we locate a pencil, a person passes by, light travels just under three hundred thousand kilometers, walk a meter, the hand of an analogue clock moves a division and the length of time digital clock number counting the seconds pauses. This moment is made up of 60 increments (a minute ) 60 minutes in an hour a total of 3,600.
Every date change of the calendar occurs every 12 midnight, the hour hand of a clock moves two full circles in that time one for AM and the other PM respectively a totally 86,400 seconds light hand traveled every 300,000km distance. Mathematics tells us every second is the reciprocal meaning one dived 86,400 In other words 300,000km is 86,400th of a day.
If we take the first second Monday morning to the last second the following Sunday night is a total of all the seconds of a week (The seconds of a day times 7). The calendar is different days for each month, all the seconds of a day times 365 days of a year totals all the seconds of a year the first second of new years morning to the last second New years eve 12 moths latter.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every fourth February leap year we can add up all the seconds of every decade, century, millennia (a thousand years) million, a billion even trillions of centuries every second a distance of 300.000km. Einstein's general theory was conceived during the second year of world war one, telling us the mass of bodies deform space and time.
This deformity depends on two catalysis the action of mass and motion. Mass provides gravity while light speed provides the motion. Lets use the mass of a black hole. Light speed is not a high enough escape velocity. Nobody knows if there is any escape velocity. We can only speculate just over a fraction over light speed. Who knows?
Near a black hole the gravity dampen down the wavelength. (Or the frequency) Imagine gamma ray frequencies damped down to cosmic background radio wavelength level by it mass. For example the maximum frequency of the cosmic radiation gamma rays in the THz (terahertz) frequency weighed down to a 1km long radio wave. In other words a Picometer wavelength to as long as a kilometer. This means the entire electromagnetic radiation including visible light to just this one single wavelength a kilometer long wavelength.
A black hole is the pure gravity on a Planck scale that defines ten to the 1043 x 6.28 in diameter the same value in the positive value in metric tones metric tones heavy called a singularity. According to Einstein's general general theory space should be pulled round the entire circumference. The black void hiding it is the result of the electromagnetic wavelength orbiting it at what velocity scale is anybody's, the outer edge called the event horizon.
Time inside the black void of the event horizon may equally be on a Planck scale accordance to the Planck scale of the singularity. In other words for every second of the universe 1043 seconds inside the event horizon.
Time is not stopped. We only observe it to slow to observe moving like the times the minute and hour hands circling the circle of analogue clocks. We observe the second hand move every division circling a full circle. For every full circle the minute hand only moves a division.
Correspondingly by the time the minute hand had moved a full circle the hour hand had only moved a division. The hour hand moves two full circles every date change for a day. For every moment in time the hour and minute hands will appear frozen in time. The same amount of time the numbers of digit clocks pause. If we do the math's a date change for every day is 86,400 times as slow as a second, an hour 3,600 and a minuet 60 and inversely vice versa a second as fast as each hand moving each for each division.
In other words every date change for each day 86,400 times as slow as every second. Taking the first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second 12 midnight Sunday night we can add up all the seconds of a week. We can add up all the seconds of each calendar month but all the seconds of a day multiplied by the 365 days of the year.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every forth February leap year, we can add up all the seconds of a decade, a century, a milliner (thousand years) millions, billions even in trillions of centuries of time.
From what we have learnt monition weighs the entire electromagnetic radiation compressing the distance it travels we view at sub light speed. Since it travels a distance of 300,000km the maximum momentum speed limited, if we to view the universe from a light speed point of view we'd observe the distance the universe travels in a second would be a kilometer. Time should not go any slower. Otherwise we need to travel faster.
Another way is found in Einstein's general theory of relativity. The heart of the theory where mass of bodies shrink space round them similar to the tonnage of a submarine displacing the water round them the water pressure compressing inwards in every direction. The water pressure in the deepest deep sea trench on earth the Marinas trench will implode submersibles like a bug.
The Planck scale being a constant tells us the very center of a black hole ( the singularity ) a Planck length in the minus value in meters across is the absolute smallest length of the universe the positive value the absolute heaviest in kilograms. (or if in kilotons a 40 digit number ). Math's porjects the finite value of a Planck scale tells us nothing can be any smaller or as heavy. The Planck scale is the absolute limit.
For light to travel the distance of a Planck length (for the minus value in a meter ) theoretically time would be on a Planck second in the minus value giving us time on a Planck scale. Theoretically to observe a minus Planck second we would have to travel on a Planck scale. Theoretically we would need a velocity on a Planck scale a Planck unit in the positive value in kilometers per second. (or a 40 digit number in kmph)
In 1935 Einstein, and a couple of colleges Boris Podolskv and Nathan Rosen teamed up to published paper questioning the validity of quantum physics that Einstein's general theory of opening a hornets next of wormholes.
The trio was not happy with quantum physics. As far as they were concerned it moonshine nonsense atomic particles able to be two places at the same time influencing each other at a distance. Isaac Newtown's law bodies attracted to each other defining gravity as an example of an what is a action at a distance.
We are remaindered of the chaos theory a butterfly effect we have all heard about that tells us a violent storm is determined by a butterfly take off on the other side of the world. A clear example under Newtown's definition, the sun's mass attracts all the planets at various distances as far as Pluto in real time. In other words instantaneously which meant Einstein's displeasure of the idea the the sun's gravity is faster than light. The trio decided to put to rest the silly assumptions to rest once and for all.
Operating on the principle of Einstein's general theory it wasn't hard for the trio to imagine a star with a mass so heavy a deep well would to steep for light speed. An idea was formed of the likelihood of a dark star in one part of the universe, and another in another remote lactation was feasible the weight of each stare distorting deep wells linked with each other. In other wards like a pair kitchen funnels spouts linked into each other were light light could flow into one opening and exit the other. The geometry can be very clear when we think of looking into one open end of the kitchen funneled while a torch beam shines in the opposite opening.
According to Newtonian gravity, is just mass pulling everything to it but Einstein's opinion light speeds momentum maintained by the steepness of the deep well. According to Newton the mass of each universe should pull on the link opposite directions in each universe on each side of the link like a tug of war on a rope collapsing them apart.
Never the less the resulting theory become known as the Einstein, Podolvsk, Rosen bridge. In other words a wormhole path though the dimensions of space like a winding worm hole in an apple. Another idea has emerged if a black hole spins on a light speed scale. We would immediately think of the potential centrifugal force. But it's not uniform.
The law of circular motion tells us centrifugal force is less powerful near the center meaning the spin will have negotiable effect if not no force at all on the central pivot point in the center of the circling motion. The only significant force would be the outer edge. In other words the centrifugal-force is not the same as in the edge.
Imagine the event horizon (The out edge of a black hole) spinning at light speed or at lest on a Planck scale speed. It's hard to image a spinning pin prick of the singularity will have any significant centrifugal force even spinning on a Planck scale. All the force would be concentrated in the event horizon against the mass of the singularity.
So far there is no discovery of any stable wormhole the occurs naturally exists in the universe. All the hype is only circumstantial. The universe has had over 14 billion years to come up with a stable wormhole on it's own by now.
The creation appears to be blocked by the Quantum physic idea of an uncertainty principle. The uncertainty was published by a German theoretical Physicist in the late 1920's by a Werner Heisenberg who proposed the prediction of the behavior of atoms is far less predictable than his fellow physics think.
Mathematics can predict a solution to any problem when we know two states where the law of mathematics can then proceed to predict the third state. Knowing the speed and time of a motor vehicle for example the law of mathematics can project four sums from the same equation.
Our mathematical instinct agrees speed, equals the time multiplied by the distance, equals the distance multiplied by the time, where time equals the distance divided by the speed and the distance equals the speed divided by the time respectively. But the heart of the matter is the illogical behavior of the atomic particles causing unpredictable state concerns.
In the quantum world there is only know one and not the other to predict the outcome. Think of this we were only given the speed of a motor vehicle. To know the distance the given speed of the vehicle cannot be known.
Friday, July 20, 2012
Tuesday, June 26, 2012
Albert Einstein's special theory of reality is the heart of time travel. It was published by a German science magazine in 1905 titled on the dynamics of moving bodies on a light speed scale. Basically, it told it's readers the faster we move the slower we will observe the environment's time around us slow down.
How ever as Einstein put if you sat on a very prey woman's lap for a minute will seem to be over before you know it and waiting to get of a hot stove even if for a few seconds is a long time. Another example if you counted every second of a second hand of a clock move every division full circle will be the longest minute you'll ever sit though. Every second becomes longer and longer. By the time the last fifteen you'll be suppressed how you never noticed until then how long a second can be specially every second in the last five. Anticipation can slow ones perception of the environment's time right down to crawl.
Other examples of our biological perception are stories of individuals explaining when they saw their inevitable deaths coming how they were amazed how everything went in slow motion. It appears when we freeze in panic the environment's time seems to run slow. When we panic our brain must seem to speed up faster than the environments second. So operating on the principle if we don't panic it our biological brain seems to apply Einstein's theory of relativity to perceive the environment in slow motion. It is most likely to give us the sensation we have time to think of a course of action.
This can be applied to threats of bullying coming. If we don't panic we seem to have the perception of time on our side to help us. Not panicking as a technique to slow time seems to have a galvanizing effect we can think more clearly giving us a lot more confidence we can think faster on our feet. Under certain circumstances our minds can make the environment's time seem slower or faster despite physics demands the environment's time is constant.
A worse state of affairs when unconscious. A case in point. A person knocked out has no knowledge of the passing of the environments time. On what level our brain still functions keeping the body alive I cannot say. but what we all do know when our conscious level is down there is no perception. With all this hype about what's inside a black hole I guess would be the nearest description of what it would be like in there fully conscious. Waking from a long comma spell the persons only recollection when the conscious part is active again like the time deep inside it. If we do the math's there is well over three million seconds in a year every second of activity crammed into a single moment.
The physics s centered round light traveling a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers in a second. Note it is a distance by the time we say "One thousand and one" what is a light second. In the current environment constant theoretically we should never be able to catch up with it. We'd think no matter how fast we travel will always be ahead of us by that distance every second even. According to Einstein's special theory though it is a constant and if we traveled at light speed we should be squeezed right up against it.
Everything is a subjective point of view between between our point of view and it's point of view of the universe. If we are at light speed we'd be in parallel with it. What would we observe of the universe? We'd think because we are traveling in parallel with light would likely look stationary while the universe would appear to travel at light speed. We would have sped up in time three hundred thousand times faster than the environment second.
Mathematics tells us if we take the reciprocal of light speed ( the minus value three hundred thousandth ) means the universe would appear to travel three hundred thousand seconds for light to travel the same distance we normal observe light speed in a second. If we do the math's three kilometers per second slow or three hundred thousand seconds is almost a long weekend. In other words every environment second is stretched a long weekend of time.
The nature of light in the point of view of particles are called photons. As stars don't reflect light they are the origin. It is manufactured by a processes of nuclear fusion. Gravity is the heart of the processes. It is so intense hydrogen atoms that have one core particle called a proton with only one orbiting particle called an electron is crushed into the orbit of neighboring atoms forming two electron hydrogen atoms called helium atoms. In the transition a burst of energy in the form of a photon our eyes are sensitive to is injected out into space. It is the same bright flash of a nuclear bomb called fission and supper novae..
From a wave point of wave point of view photons accelerate and decelerate millions of times a second. The masses wave in waving sheet covering the entire universe every second. The resulting wavelength of each wave of the sunlight we see from the sun is less less the thickness of a news paper sheet. (A micrometer 0.000001 of a meter).
Quantum physics tells us each photon disappears and reappears on a Planck scale. A Planck scale is a Planck constant, forty naughts on the "left" of 6626 of a meter that in a second called a quantum leap. The reciprocal equals the positive value same number on the "right" of the same naughts a total of a thirty four digit number in this case mass.( The inward gravitational force of gravity in kilograms. If we do the math's 6626 thirty seven naught in kilotons). In the minus value the distance across a gravitational filed in the center of a black hole called a singularity. In other words If we take that as a specification value a gravitational filed of 6626 thirty four digit number kilograms heavy the minus value diameter in it in meters.
It turns out mathematics projects a Planck constant is the maximum of the universe. The number cannot be any larger than a thirty four digit fraction of a second, and a meter and the reciprocal in the positive value for mass.
Operating on the principle if a Planck constant in the minis scale math's projects the positive value tells us nothing in the universe "should" be as heavy. According to the expanding universe though there seems to be an energy over coming the combined weight of the gravitational field of the whole universe expressed as an invisible energy expressed as dark energy. Inversely according to Isaac Newton mass is needed for gravity to hold stars and galaxies together.
However there doesn't seem to be enough in the universe to do that. There must be some extra or invisible amount expressed as dark matter. A theory put forward fifty years ago a particle called a Higgs Boson was predicted recently thought to have just discovered accelerating particles of the atom just under light speed would account for most of the dark mass. However it is believed if we are bumped right up against it we travel though time where it is compressed up against it we are time traveling.
When we time travel we are faster than the environment's second that must have a consequence on the wavelengths of light. As we accelerate light's wavelength should get longer and longer for every second we travel.
The light we observe is just a tiny part of the overall radiation spewing from the combined efforts of every star and galaxy of the universe. The clear sunlight we observe from the sun is just one of many subject to being stretched and shrink. When the clear light wavelength changes we get color, all less than a micrometer every second. The reciprocal is the frequency in that time, standard metric system prefix Mega for a million waves every second in called Hertz. Some of these wavelength's are as much as Gaga- a thousand million every second in the nano- range, a thousand million and pico in the billionths of a second respectively.
The longest wavelength our eyes can detect is red ( about a few hundred nanometers that is less than a micrometer) and the shortest violet (close to a purple blue ) less than a "few nanometers". If a wavelength falls below the red we see disappears into what we call inferred red only inferred cameras can see expressed as inferred shift. A freshly solidified lava flow for example is invisible to our our eyes but inferred cameras can pick up the heat radiating off it. So to a freshly gone out camp fire patch. Inferred cameras can see anything with a beating heart in the middle of a dark night expressed as heat radiation from bodies. When we press a button of our remote control units an invisible inferred beam beams from the unit operating our entertainment equipment inferred cameras will pick up.
Wavelengths longer than inferred, (still within a micrometer range every second ), radio and television, telecommunication, internet, to radar transition signals known as radio waves. If we had x ray type eyes we would see our TV aerials bathed in incoming waves of the TV station signals. We would observe street poles and wires as well as radio masts and cell phone towers radiating circular wave upon wave spreading outwards. The mains is a alternating electric current alternating back and forth sixty times a second producing radio waves sometimes seen as video interference in analogue TV signals. The reciprocal (one dived sixty ) is a wavelength of sixteen millimeters every second ( 60Hz ). If we had x-ray eyes we would see the electrical waves waving wave after wave from every power line and electrical device.
Cosmic radio waves are longer believed to be the occasional, spit, hiss, pop, crackle and radio static and video noise we see and hear in analogue TV signals and AM radios, believed to be the left over remains of the so called big bang that has supposed to have created the universe a few millimeters to as much as a kilometer long.
The other end of the scale wavelengths shorter than violet disappear into the ultra violet light ( UV and UVA ) rays that tan our bodies in the summer months. Some animal's visual world is a violet color cast we don't see. The wavelength are about the width of our body cells.
Even shorter are X-rays and the ultimate high frequency wavelengths as short as a few Pico-meters called gamma rays. These are so high in frequency is a liquid plasma millions of digress centigrade produce in the heart of stars and nuclear explosions. It was once theorized there was no limit how low or high the frequencies went. The problem was an ordinary camp fire let a lava flow would have produce an infinite amount of radiation incinerating the environment. The Pico-meter is the cosmic gamma rays the absolute shortest wavelength possible. The kilometer long radio wave the longest.
No radiation can be any more. So if we time travel we would be at a different rate of time than the environment's second thus the electromagnetic radiation of the universe too. Radiation is not accelerating. It travels at a maximum speed limit of light we see which is a constant. They can't go any faster.
Imagine if infinite velocity was possible. Velocity is not a word I'd choose because it applies a constant which means it is not accelerating. A more appropriate word is infinite acceleration. But even here is not really a term I'd use either. Imagine there was no limit to how far the distance light could travel for a moment.
Lets assume ten times the distance every second. By the end of the first environment second light would be a distance of a meter. By the end of the second ten meters. And so by the end of the third second would be a hundred meters. By the end of the fourth a kilometer since there is a thousand meters in a kilometer.
Still accelerating ten times the distance by the end of the fifth second would be ten kilometers. By the end of the sixth a hundred kilometers. And so by the end of the seventh a thousand kilometers.
Still accelerating ten times the distance every second by the end of the end of eight environment seconds would be ten thousand kilometers. By nine seconds a hundred thousand. By this point light has accelerated beyond three hundred thousand to the end of ten seconds a million kilometers.
By the end of eleven seconds ten million. By the end of twelve a hundred million. And so by the end of thirteen seconds a thousand million kilometers. By the end of fourteen a billion kilometers.
By the end of a quarter minute light would be ten billion kilometers distance. Imagine the kilometers ten distance every second in half a minute let a lone in every second of a whole minute. Imagine the projection math's would predict adding up every second of an hour, a day, a week, a month, in a year, even in a century every second ten that was times the distance.
If we take into account of all the seconds of the extra day at the end of every February every fourth leap year, ten times the distance every second let a lone millennia (a thousand years), a billion years even trillions of centuries and beyond without no end to the acceleration.
Clearly an infinite acceleration is not practical use not even for light. So Light is restricted to a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers every second. It can't go any faster. It is a maximum distance speed limit inside a second.
If light operates on this principle if we travel a kilometer an hour light is a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. Even if we travel at light speed light will still be a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. Even if we travel billions of trillions of kilometers per second light would still be exactly a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us in every second. No mater how fast we go we can never catch up with that distance because of that distance ahead of us every second.
On the other hand if light is a constant we should be able to catch up with ;light speed but we would be coming up ageist it's maximum speed limit. We be compressing time to fit in the parameters of the closing gap.
It's like chasing another vehicle both at our their maximum speed limits. No mater the peddle to the mettle the car in front will always remain at a fixed distance ahead of us every second. The sunlight we see in real time had left the sun eight minutes ago. As far as light is concerned earth is eight minutes into the future. We are observing light as the sun was eight minutes ago every second.
Normally we'd observe the second hand of clocks move a hole circle while the other two hands appear frozen in time. When the second hand completes a full circle the minute had had only moved a division. And so too, when the minute hand moved a full circle the hour hand had only moved a division. Every twelve midnight is a calendar date change. The hour hand completes two full circles one for a.m. and one for p.m. If we do the math's on this adding up all the seconds comes two eighty six thousand four hundred. The reciprocal tells us every second is eighty six thousand eight hundredth of a day.
During the course of a day only the second hand appears moving while the other hands appear frozen at any give moment. The minute hand is to slow to observe any significant movement let a lone the hour hand at any given moment in time. If we do the math's on this, all the seconds in a minute tells us every minute is sixty times as slow as a second and every hour three thousand four hundred.
The clock hands tell us we are traveling though time eighty six thousand four hundred times as fast as every twelve midnight cycle. This is because the faster we go the more time slows down in this case at a constant eighty six thousand four hundred.
If we travel any faster the every twelve midnight cycle we would observe it proportionally slower than normal. Lets say for argument sake we observe the second hand of a clock slowed down twice as slow. We would be traveling twice as fast as the environment second. We would view the environment's second as two seconds slower. From the environment's point of view we would appear to be twice as fast. It would seem two seconds ahead into the future every second in every twelve midnight cycle every week, month, or years.
We'd observe the mains lighting throb from minimum to maximum brightness twice a second and radiating a different color. This is because the faster we travel though the environments time the longer the wavelengths will appear to be. Not only that, the dusks, nights, dawns and days would appear twice as long. The hour hand of a clock would take twice as long to complete a twelve midnight to twelve midnight sweep. You do the math's.
Traveling the environments second twice as fast results in another curious observation predicted in Einstein special theory. I'm talking here of a three dimensional distorted environment stretched to fit into the perimeter of the observed time scale difference. Traffic and the building in streets would look red and in a distorted budge in a three a three dimensional world.
All the normal cool colors like the greens and blues would appear to change into the warmer brown colors because we are seeing the green and blue wavelengths twice as fast as normal. The mains for example would appear thirty hertz every second or sixty every two seconds. Radio transition signals would would be lowered to twice as slow as normal not to mention Ultra violet light. The faster we go the longer the radio transition wavelengths. (Or the lower the frequencies)
We would be traveling twice as fast as the normal heat range of the environment. Twenty digress Normal room temperature would be appear ten degrees colder because we are traveling twice as fast as the wavelength of the heart radiation.
Imagine if we observe the second hand slowed down we'd normally observe the minute hand. Everything the latter would appear sixty times in proportion meaning from the environments point of view we will be a minute into the future every second. The mains lighting will throb from minimum to maximum brightness once a minute. We'd observe a fading down to minimum and fading back up to maximum brightness every half minute because we would be traveling in parallel with one cycle sixtieth environment second. The mains lighting is a maximum and minimum brightness sixty times faster than then the environment's second.we would be traveling at. You do the math's.
We would no longer observe the mains lighting because it is on a different time frame than us in inferred. Instead we would observe the environment bathed in the cold green and blue color cast because we are viewing the shorter wavelengths faster than normal. The faster we travel though our environment's time the longer the electromagnetic radiation wavelengths will become
From the environment's point of view we'd be a minute into the future every second in every hour day, week month or year. If we take into account of every leap year in every decade, century, Millennia, millions and billons and even every second in trillions of environment centuries. From our point of view every environment minute would be an hour. Observing us a minute into the future every second indefinitely obviously we would observe the opposite.
The same would happen if we where to observe the second hand slowed down we'd normally observe the hour hand. We'd be three thousand six hundred times faster than normal observing each wavelength that much longer from the environment's point of view an hour into the future every second.
Imagine observing the second hand slowed we'd normally observe a day a week, a month or a year let a lone a decade, a century, a millennia, millions, billions even trillions of centuries. You do the math's.
What if we observe the minute hand speed up as fast as we'd normally observe the second hand. We only need to observe the rolls of the latter reversed point of view. The environment would observe us slowed down to a minute while we observe the environment's minute pass every second.
We would be sixty times as slow as every electromagnetic wavelengths witch means a different time scale than the environment. We observe each wavelength sixty times shorter the mains lighting for example a hundred and twenty hertz. If we do the math's taking all the seconds in a minute the mains lightening ( and indeed the mains frequency ) we would observe the throbbing from minimum to maximum brightness sixty times faster than normal.
Mathematics projects we should observe the environment sped up three thousand four hundred times if we observe the hour hand sped up we'd normally observe the the second hand. It is because we are that much slower or inversely the environment's hour seems to us to pass every second. You do the math's.
By this time from the environment's point of view we'd be to slow to observe moving. We would appear to be as still as a statue. Operating on the principle math's will project we would observe each twelve midnight cycle thought each day as a second. Taking all the environment second would be eighty six thousand four hundred times as slow. We view the environment sped up reciprocally as fast.
Thus the slower we go the faster the environment would appear to us thus the slower we go the faster times goes. This is how park statues would observe the environment around them. Millennia's would pass in less than a second let a lone centuries. At such a slow pace imagine the weather changes during such long periods to us. The passing of time to park statues illustrate how we are sped up in time as we know it.
It goes without saying the birth of the earth to present time in a minute if we were had viewed the whole process millions of years pass every second. And hear we are not talking into account of the effect of the environment's electromagnetic.
Most of us believe time is slowed down by gravity if a black whole is anything to go by. If a Planck constant is true than time should not be any slower than the reciprocal of the maximum speed of light. Math's projects if we where to view the universe on a light speed scale the reciprocal of three hundred thousand kilometers in a second would be slow as three hundred thousand seconds in three hundred thousand kilometers. In other words we'd view the universe as slow as three kilometers per second because light is that distance faster than us.
Operating on the principle scientists measuring time li less than a few nanoseconds believe time on the roof of a tall sky scrapper is a few microseconds faster than at street level. This is because the top floors are further away from the center of the earth's gravity. People in the upper floors age a few microseconds faster.
Operating on the principle gravity slows time people descending to the street the aging processes is slowed in time being slowed down because they are getting closer to the center of the earth gravity. At street level the ages should be the same as they were when at street level before.
The same principle should apply when an astronaut leaves the earth's gravity for outer space. Mind you there is still the combined gravitational field of the sun and the rest of the solar system put together which means still under the influence. Considering the gravitational filed of the entire universe just how far into deep into space where there is no influence.
In 1905 one of Albert Einstein's favorite moment of thought was the inspiration a falling person doesn't feel there weight. He himself emitted it had startled him. The fact is a falling person is after all in motion. In fact anything in a gravitational field. If we drop a one kilogram of mass from the top floor of a tall sky scraper roof example the earth's gravity will snatch it to a meter in a second.
By the end of the second acceleration stops to a constant meter per second free fall velocity in a break neck straight line impacting with the street bellow. ( Anybody who loves challenging math's given the floor height of the building can work out how long it would take to hit the street bellow ). If we do the math's on this a one kilogram three point six kilometer per hour impact with the ground.
Impact with the walk testifies the free fall had energy called kinetic energy where there is quite a considerable damage to anything in the way. Mathematics points out this is a three point six kilometer per hour kilogram of force over coming air resistance. If it wasn't for the earth atmosphere a feather dropped at the same time would have fallen at the same rate as the kilogram mass The feather hasn't the mass to overcome the air resistance. The mass is light enough the slightest breeze to flitter to earth for kilometers.
The earth's gravity was the work and energy where those into challenging math's can work out the force of the damaging kinetic energy has on anything in the way and the impact the kilogram has on the walk. Einstein realized motion has a pull back force that compresses you, similar to gravity school boy knowledge as a G-force. The faster you go the more squashed you become a wild 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in less than a couple of seconds will testify pinning you back. NASA used this in training astronauts.
When a plane takes a high speed nosed dive everything not tight down will appear loose. In other words lighter. Fast enough astronaut trainees lift off the floor of the fuselage frolicking about in weightless fun. This is a fundamental result of Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity. In other words anti gravity, Einstein expressed as motion canceling it he called a gravitational equivalence. He had the foresight to see it work in the reverse. If a aircraft ascends higher fast enough the floor will seem to press on everything harder. In other words everything is much heavier.
Boy racers favorite saying about there powerful vehicles can pull a few G's or can do the tone are testifying to the the similar pull back force of gravity in a straight line acceleration. Imagine the G's 0 to 160kmph (100mph) in a second.
It's curious to observe about light at three hundred thousand kilometer. per second believed photons having no mass we would aspect no kinetic energy. But there is a lot of energy to light where Einstein provided an answer to this.
When we vibrate a body slowly it has a minimal amount of energy. We can increases it by increasing the vibration as far as destruction. We can hold onto a low vibrating objects we can't hang onto if vibrates to fast. In other words the lower the frequency (the longer the wavelength) the lower the energy.
The shorter the wavelengths the more energy. A solar cell under intense red would hardly produce skairik of electricity. But low ultra violet light falling on it will produce a significant amount. DVD players are thick high powered red lazar beams while blue ray players are low powered thin blue lazar.
It would seem to Einstein the properties of motion was a gravitational equivalence. It was awaken in his mind visualizing trains at light speed. In those days the maximum speed limit was about 70kmph. They couldn't go any faster. No matter how fast or how much the stoker feed the fire the energy from the steam couldn't make the trains go any faster than their maximum speed limits.
The same law applies to your car. No matter the peddle to the metal at maximum speed you can't go any faster, not even with the help of gravity down hill. Record braking bicycles can't be pedaled beyond a 160kmph (100mph). The planets in our solar system aren't going any faster than their current orbital velocity or are they? There the consensus among cosmologists the universes is expanding by observing the shift of the colors of the galaxies from blue into red must be accelerating away from us.
Where is the energy going from the steam that couldn't propel the train any faster? An insight accrued to Einstein. The gravitational equivalence in the property of motion expressed as inertia governs the rate of maximum speed. Despite light having no mass does this apply to light? Maximum speed limits expressed as terminal velocity (or more appropriately terminal acceleration ) seems to be a constant of the universe from traveling specs of dust to entire galaxies but for the contradictory of the expanding universe.
There is another answer. It all depends on reality. There is something of what we see of an action though time sped up is observed slower. Take a quarry blast explosion representing a supernova explosion for example. Once again the rate of speed we observe depends on reality or the speed rate we are traveling at though time ourselves.
Lets view the second the ruble razes time slowed down we observe the environment second as an hour. Mathematics projects we would be three thousand six hundred times as fast as the normal second. Like observing the hour hand of a clock seems frozen in time every second. The explosion my look frozen but the ruble is still razing in time. It would take the all the environment's seconds in a hour to fully expand and settle. Operating on the same principle we may be observing the same effect of nebulae's in the universe. They look remarkable like the explosions of supernova frozen in time to us.
According to a Planck constant every environment second would be a Planck scale where a supernovae duration 6626 forty naughts times as long as our environment second. Anybody into challenging mathematics should be able to project the equivalent every environment second centuries long viewing supernova from earth.
Operating on the principle of time inside a black hole on a Planck scale would appear a different rate of speed to us. We are observing the holes the direction light is traveling inward. What would the universe look like looking outwards? If light is going into black hole direction, we would most likely observe a total white out like as if this page was a blank. Where we see space as a black void we'd probably observe looking at the universe from inside black holes a white void because we would be looking straight into the direction of the incoming light.
Einstein's special theory tells us any void whether black or white is an isolated system where it is impossible to tell any time or motion. Everything appears fixed. Time and motion having no meaning is only a relative circumstance whether looking outside to the universe of looking inside from the universe, to a coma.
How ever as Einstein put if you sat on a very prey woman's lap for a minute will seem to be over before you know it and waiting to get of a hot stove even if for a few seconds is a long time. Another example if you counted every second of a second hand of a clock move every division full circle will be the longest minute you'll ever sit though. Every second becomes longer and longer. By the time the last fifteen you'll be suppressed how you never noticed until then how long a second can be specially every second in the last five. Anticipation can slow ones perception of the environment's time right down to crawl.
Other examples of our biological perception are stories of individuals explaining when they saw their inevitable deaths coming how they were amazed how everything went in slow motion. It appears when we freeze in panic the environment's time seems to run slow. When we panic our brain must seem to speed up faster than the environments second. So operating on the principle if we don't panic it our biological brain seems to apply Einstein's theory of relativity to perceive the environment in slow motion. It is most likely to give us the sensation we have time to think of a course of action.
This can be applied to threats of bullying coming. If we don't panic we seem to have the perception of time on our side to help us. Not panicking as a technique to slow time seems to have a galvanizing effect we can think more clearly giving us a lot more confidence we can think faster on our feet. Under certain circumstances our minds can make the environment's time seem slower or faster despite physics demands the environment's time is constant.
A worse state of affairs when unconscious. A case in point. A person knocked out has no knowledge of the passing of the environments time. On what level our brain still functions keeping the body alive I cannot say. but what we all do know when our conscious level is down there is no perception. With all this hype about what's inside a black hole I guess would be the nearest description of what it would be like in there fully conscious. Waking from a long comma spell the persons only recollection when the conscious part is active again like the time deep inside it. If we do the math's there is well over three million seconds in a year every second of activity crammed into a single moment.
The physics s centered round light traveling a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers in a second. Note it is a distance by the time we say "One thousand and one" what is a light second. In the current environment constant theoretically we should never be able to catch up with it. We'd think no matter how fast we travel will always be ahead of us by that distance every second even. According to Einstein's special theory though it is a constant and if we traveled at light speed we should be squeezed right up against it.
Everything is a subjective point of view between between our point of view and it's point of view of the universe. If we are at light speed we'd be in parallel with it. What would we observe of the universe? We'd think because we are traveling in parallel with light would likely look stationary while the universe would appear to travel at light speed. We would have sped up in time three hundred thousand times faster than the environment second.
Mathematics tells us if we take the reciprocal of light speed ( the minus value three hundred thousandth ) means the universe would appear to travel three hundred thousand seconds for light to travel the same distance we normal observe light speed in a second. If we do the math's three kilometers per second slow or three hundred thousand seconds is almost a long weekend. In other words every environment second is stretched a long weekend of time.
The nature of light in the point of view of particles are called photons. As stars don't reflect light they are the origin. It is manufactured by a processes of nuclear fusion. Gravity is the heart of the processes. It is so intense hydrogen atoms that have one core particle called a proton with only one orbiting particle called an electron is crushed into the orbit of neighboring atoms forming two electron hydrogen atoms called helium atoms. In the transition a burst of energy in the form of a photon our eyes are sensitive to is injected out into space. It is the same bright flash of a nuclear bomb called fission and supper novae..
From a wave point of wave point of view photons accelerate and decelerate millions of times a second. The masses wave in waving sheet covering the entire universe every second. The resulting wavelength of each wave of the sunlight we see from the sun is less less the thickness of a news paper sheet. (A micrometer 0.000001 of a meter).
Quantum physics tells us each photon disappears and reappears on a Planck scale. A Planck scale is a Planck constant, forty naughts on the "left" of 6626 of a meter that in a second called a quantum leap. The reciprocal equals the positive value same number on the "right" of the same naughts a total of a thirty four digit number in this case mass.( The inward gravitational force of gravity in kilograms. If we do the math's 6626 thirty seven naught in kilotons). In the minus value the distance across a gravitational filed in the center of a black hole called a singularity. In other words If we take that as a specification value a gravitational filed of 6626 thirty four digit number kilograms heavy the minus value diameter in it in meters.
It turns out mathematics projects a Planck constant is the maximum of the universe. The number cannot be any larger than a thirty four digit fraction of a second, and a meter and the reciprocal in the positive value for mass.
Operating on the principle if a Planck constant in the minis scale math's projects the positive value tells us nothing in the universe "should" be as heavy. According to the expanding universe though there seems to be an energy over coming the combined weight of the gravitational field of the whole universe expressed as an invisible energy expressed as dark energy. Inversely according to Isaac Newton mass is needed for gravity to hold stars and galaxies together.
However there doesn't seem to be enough in the universe to do that. There must be some extra or invisible amount expressed as dark matter. A theory put forward fifty years ago a particle called a Higgs Boson was predicted recently thought to have just discovered accelerating particles of the atom just under light speed would account for most of the dark mass. However it is believed if we are bumped right up against it we travel though time where it is compressed up against it we are time traveling.
When we time travel we are faster than the environment's second that must have a consequence on the wavelengths of light. As we accelerate light's wavelength should get longer and longer for every second we travel.
The light we observe is just a tiny part of the overall radiation spewing from the combined efforts of every star and galaxy of the universe. The clear sunlight we observe from the sun is just one of many subject to being stretched and shrink. When the clear light wavelength changes we get color, all less than a micrometer every second. The reciprocal is the frequency in that time, standard metric system prefix Mega for a million waves every second in called Hertz. Some of these wavelength's are as much as Gaga- a thousand million every second in the nano- range, a thousand million and pico in the billionths of a second respectively.
The longest wavelength our eyes can detect is red ( about a few hundred nanometers that is less than a micrometer) and the shortest violet (close to a purple blue ) less than a "few nanometers". If a wavelength falls below the red we see disappears into what we call inferred red only inferred cameras can see expressed as inferred shift. A freshly solidified lava flow for example is invisible to our our eyes but inferred cameras can pick up the heat radiating off it. So to a freshly gone out camp fire patch. Inferred cameras can see anything with a beating heart in the middle of a dark night expressed as heat radiation from bodies. When we press a button of our remote control units an invisible inferred beam beams from the unit operating our entertainment equipment inferred cameras will pick up.
Wavelengths longer than inferred, (still within a micrometer range every second ), radio and television, telecommunication, internet, to radar transition signals known as radio waves. If we had x ray type eyes we would see our TV aerials bathed in incoming waves of the TV station signals. We would observe street poles and wires as well as radio masts and cell phone towers radiating circular wave upon wave spreading outwards. The mains is a alternating electric current alternating back and forth sixty times a second producing radio waves sometimes seen as video interference in analogue TV signals. The reciprocal (one dived sixty ) is a wavelength of sixteen millimeters every second ( 60Hz ). If we had x-ray eyes we would see the electrical waves waving wave after wave from every power line and electrical device.
Cosmic radio waves are longer believed to be the occasional, spit, hiss, pop, crackle and radio static and video noise we see and hear in analogue TV signals and AM radios, believed to be the left over remains of the so called big bang that has supposed to have created the universe a few millimeters to as much as a kilometer long.
The other end of the scale wavelengths shorter than violet disappear into the ultra violet light ( UV and UVA ) rays that tan our bodies in the summer months. Some animal's visual world is a violet color cast we don't see. The wavelength are about the width of our body cells.
Even shorter are X-rays and the ultimate high frequency wavelengths as short as a few Pico-meters called gamma rays. These are so high in frequency is a liquid plasma millions of digress centigrade produce in the heart of stars and nuclear explosions. It was once theorized there was no limit how low or high the frequencies went. The problem was an ordinary camp fire let a lava flow would have produce an infinite amount of radiation incinerating the environment. The Pico-meter is the cosmic gamma rays the absolute shortest wavelength possible. The kilometer long radio wave the longest.
No radiation can be any more. So if we time travel we would be at a different rate of time than the environment's second thus the electromagnetic radiation of the universe too. Radiation is not accelerating. It travels at a maximum speed limit of light we see which is a constant. They can't go any faster.
Imagine if infinite velocity was possible. Velocity is not a word I'd choose because it applies a constant which means it is not accelerating. A more appropriate word is infinite acceleration. But even here is not really a term I'd use either. Imagine there was no limit to how far the distance light could travel for a moment.
Lets assume ten times the distance every second. By the end of the first environment second light would be a distance of a meter. By the end of the second ten meters. And so by the end of the third second would be a hundred meters. By the end of the fourth a kilometer since there is a thousand meters in a kilometer.
Still accelerating ten times the distance by the end of the fifth second would be ten kilometers. By the end of the sixth a hundred kilometers. And so by the end of the seventh a thousand kilometers.
Still accelerating ten times the distance every second by the end of the end of eight environment seconds would be ten thousand kilometers. By nine seconds a hundred thousand. By this point light has accelerated beyond three hundred thousand to the end of ten seconds a million kilometers.
By the end of eleven seconds ten million. By the end of twelve a hundred million. And so by the end of thirteen seconds a thousand million kilometers. By the end of fourteen a billion kilometers.
By the end of a quarter minute light would be ten billion kilometers distance. Imagine the kilometers ten distance every second in half a minute let a lone in every second of a whole minute. Imagine the projection math's would predict adding up every second of an hour, a day, a week, a month, in a year, even in a century every second ten that was times the distance.
If we take into account of all the seconds of the extra day at the end of every February every fourth leap year, ten times the distance every second let a lone millennia (a thousand years), a billion years even trillions of centuries and beyond without no end to the acceleration.
Clearly an infinite acceleration is not practical use not even for light. So Light is restricted to a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers every second. It can't go any faster. It is a maximum distance speed limit inside a second.
If light operates on this principle if we travel a kilometer an hour light is a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. Even if we travel at light speed light will still be a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us every second. Even if we travel billions of trillions of kilometers per second light would still be exactly a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ahead of us in every second. No mater how fast we go we can never catch up with that distance because of that distance ahead of us every second.
On the other hand if light is a constant we should be able to catch up with ;light speed but we would be coming up ageist it's maximum speed limit. We be compressing time to fit in the parameters of the closing gap.
It's like chasing another vehicle both at our their maximum speed limits. No mater the peddle to the mettle the car in front will always remain at a fixed distance ahead of us every second. The sunlight we see in real time had left the sun eight minutes ago. As far as light is concerned earth is eight minutes into the future. We are observing light as the sun was eight minutes ago every second.
Normally we'd observe the second hand of clocks move a hole circle while the other two hands appear frozen in time. When the second hand completes a full circle the minute had had only moved a division. And so too, when the minute hand moved a full circle the hour hand had only moved a division. Every twelve midnight is a calendar date change. The hour hand completes two full circles one for a.m. and one for p.m. If we do the math's on this adding up all the seconds comes two eighty six thousand four hundred. The reciprocal tells us every second is eighty six thousand eight hundredth of a day.
During the course of a day only the second hand appears moving while the other hands appear frozen at any give moment. The minute hand is to slow to observe any significant movement let a lone the hour hand at any given moment in time. If we do the math's on this, all the seconds in a minute tells us every minute is sixty times as slow as a second and every hour three thousand four hundred.
The clock hands tell us we are traveling though time eighty six thousand four hundred times as fast as every twelve midnight cycle. This is because the faster we go the more time slows down in this case at a constant eighty six thousand four hundred.
If we travel any faster the every twelve midnight cycle we would observe it proportionally slower than normal. Lets say for argument sake we observe the second hand of a clock slowed down twice as slow. We would be traveling twice as fast as the environment second. We would view the environment's second as two seconds slower. From the environment's point of view we would appear to be twice as fast. It would seem two seconds ahead into the future every second in every twelve midnight cycle every week, month, or years.
We'd observe the mains lighting throb from minimum to maximum brightness twice a second and radiating a different color. This is because the faster we travel though the environments time the longer the wavelengths will appear to be. Not only that, the dusks, nights, dawns and days would appear twice as long. The hour hand of a clock would take twice as long to complete a twelve midnight to twelve midnight sweep. You do the math's.
Traveling the environments second twice as fast results in another curious observation predicted in Einstein special theory. I'm talking here of a three dimensional distorted environment stretched to fit into the perimeter of the observed time scale difference. Traffic and the building in streets would look red and in a distorted budge in a three a three dimensional world.
All the normal cool colors like the greens and blues would appear to change into the warmer brown colors because we are seeing the green and blue wavelengths twice as fast as normal. The mains for example would appear thirty hertz every second or sixty every two seconds. Radio transition signals would would be lowered to twice as slow as normal not to mention Ultra violet light. The faster we go the longer the radio transition wavelengths. (Or the lower the frequencies)
We would be traveling twice as fast as the normal heat range of the environment. Twenty digress Normal room temperature would be appear ten degrees colder because we are traveling twice as fast as the wavelength of the heart radiation.
Imagine if we observe the second hand slowed down we'd normally observe the minute hand. Everything the latter would appear sixty times in proportion meaning from the environments point of view we will be a minute into the future every second. The mains lighting will throb from minimum to maximum brightness once a minute. We'd observe a fading down to minimum and fading back up to maximum brightness every half minute because we would be traveling in parallel with one cycle sixtieth environment second. The mains lighting is a maximum and minimum brightness sixty times faster than then the environment's second.we would be traveling at. You do the math's.
We would no longer observe the mains lighting because it is on a different time frame than us in inferred. Instead we would observe the environment bathed in the cold green and blue color cast because we are viewing the shorter wavelengths faster than normal. The faster we travel though our environment's time the longer the electromagnetic radiation wavelengths will become
From the environment's point of view we'd be a minute into the future every second in every hour day, week month or year. If we take into account of every leap year in every decade, century, Millennia, millions and billons and even every second in trillions of environment centuries. From our point of view every environment minute would be an hour. Observing us a minute into the future every second indefinitely obviously we would observe the opposite.
The same would happen if we where to observe the second hand slowed down we'd normally observe the hour hand. We'd be three thousand six hundred times faster than normal observing each wavelength that much longer from the environment's point of view an hour into the future every second.
Imagine observing the second hand slowed we'd normally observe a day a week, a month or a year let a lone a decade, a century, a millennia, millions, billions even trillions of centuries. You do the math's.
What if we observe the minute hand speed up as fast as we'd normally observe the second hand. We only need to observe the rolls of the latter reversed point of view. The environment would observe us slowed down to a minute while we observe the environment's minute pass every second.
We would be sixty times as slow as every electromagnetic wavelengths witch means a different time scale than the environment. We observe each wavelength sixty times shorter the mains lighting for example a hundred and twenty hertz. If we do the math's taking all the seconds in a minute the mains lightening ( and indeed the mains frequency ) we would observe the throbbing from minimum to maximum brightness sixty times faster than normal.
Mathematics projects we should observe the environment sped up three thousand four hundred times if we observe the hour hand sped up we'd normally observe the the second hand. It is because we are that much slower or inversely the environment's hour seems to us to pass every second. You do the math's.
By this time from the environment's point of view we'd be to slow to observe moving. We would appear to be as still as a statue. Operating on the principle math's will project we would observe each twelve midnight cycle thought each day as a second. Taking all the environment second would be eighty six thousand four hundred times as slow. We view the environment sped up reciprocally as fast.
Thus the slower we go the faster the environment would appear to us thus the slower we go the faster times goes. This is how park statues would observe the environment around them. Millennia's would pass in less than a second let a lone centuries. At such a slow pace imagine the weather changes during such long periods to us. The passing of time to park statues illustrate how we are sped up in time as we know it.
It goes without saying the birth of the earth to present time in a minute if we were had viewed the whole process millions of years pass every second. And hear we are not talking into account of the effect of the environment's electromagnetic.
Most of us believe time is slowed down by gravity if a black whole is anything to go by. If a Planck constant is true than time should not be any slower than the reciprocal of the maximum speed of light. Math's projects if we where to view the universe on a light speed scale the reciprocal of three hundred thousand kilometers in a second would be slow as three hundred thousand seconds in three hundred thousand kilometers. In other words we'd view the universe as slow as three kilometers per second because light is that distance faster than us.
Operating on the principle scientists measuring time li less than a few nanoseconds believe time on the roof of a tall sky scrapper is a few microseconds faster than at street level. This is because the top floors are further away from the center of the earth's gravity. People in the upper floors age a few microseconds faster.
Operating on the principle gravity slows time people descending to the street the aging processes is slowed in time being slowed down because they are getting closer to the center of the earth gravity. At street level the ages should be the same as they were when at street level before.
The same principle should apply when an astronaut leaves the earth's gravity for outer space. Mind you there is still the combined gravitational field of the sun and the rest of the solar system put together which means still under the influence. Considering the gravitational filed of the entire universe just how far into deep into space where there is no influence.
In 1905 one of Albert Einstein's favorite moment of thought was the inspiration a falling person doesn't feel there weight. He himself emitted it had startled him. The fact is a falling person is after all in motion. In fact anything in a gravitational field. If we drop a one kilogram of mass from the top floor of a tall sky scraper roof example the earth's gravity will snatch it to a meter in a second.
By the end of the second acceleration stops to a constant meter per second free fall velocity in a break neck straight line impacting with the street bellow. ( Anybody who loves challenging math's given the floor height of the building can work out how long it would take to hit the street bellow ). If we do the math's on this a one kilogram three point six kilometer per hour impact with the ground.
Impact with the walk testifies the free fall had energy called kinetic energy where there is quite a considerable damage to anything in the way. Mathematics points out this is a three point six kilometer per hour kilogram of force over coming air resistance. If it wasn't for the earth atmosphere a feather dropped at the same time would have fallen at the same rate as the kilogram mass The feather hasn't the mass to overcome the air resistance. The mass is light enough the slightest breeze to flitter to earth for kilometers.
The earth's gravity was the work and energy where those into challenging math's can work out the force of the damaging kinetic energy has on anything in the way and the impact the kilogram has on the walk. Einstein realized motion has a pull back force that compresses you, similar to gravity school boy knowledge as a G-force. The faster you go the more squashed you become a wild 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in less than a couple of seconds will testify pinning you back. NASA used this in training astronauts.
When a plane takes a high speed nosed dive everything not tight down will appear loose. In other words lighter. Fast enough astronaut trainees lift off the floor of the fuselage frolicking about in weightless fun. This is a fundamental result of Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity. In other words anti gravity, Einstein expressed as motion canceling it he called a gravitational equivalence. He had the foresight to see it work in the reverse. If a aircraft ascends higher fast enough the floor will seem to press on everything harder. In other words everything is much heavier.
Boy racers favorite saying about there powerful vehicles can pull a few G's or can do the tone are testifying to the the similar pull back force of gravity in a straight line acceleration. Imagine the G's 0 to 160kmph (100mph) in a second.
It's curious to observe about light at three hundred thousand kilometer. per second believed photons having no mass we would aspect no kinetic energy. But there is a lot of energy to light where Einstein provided an answer to this.
When we vibrate a body slowly it has a minimal amount of energy. We can increases it by increasing the vibration as far as destruction. We can hold onto a low vibrating objects we can't hang onto if vibrates to fast. In other words the lower the frequency (the longer the wavelength) the lower the energy.
The shorter the wavelengths the more energy. A solar cell under intense red would hardly produce skairik of electricity. But low ultra violet light falling on it will produce a significant amount. DVD players are thick high powered red lazar beams while blue ray players are low powered thin blue lazar.
It would seem to Einstein the properties of motion was a gravitational equivalence. It was awaken in his mind visualizing trains at light speed. In those days the maximum speed limit was about 70kmph. They couldn't go any faster. No matter how fast or how much the stoker feed the fire the energy from the steam couldn't make the trains go any faster than their maximum speed limits.
The same law applies to your car. No matter the peddle to the metal at maximum speed you can't go any faster, not even with the help of gravity down hill. Record braking bicycles can't be pedaled beyond a 160kmph (100mph). The planets in our solar system aren't going any faster than their current orbital velocity or are they? There the consensus among cosmologists the universes is expanding by observing the shift of the colors of the galaxies from blue into red must be accelerating away from us.
Where is the energy going from the steam that couldn't propel the train any faster? An insight accrued to Einstein. The gravitational equivalence in the property of motion expressed as inertia governs the rate of maximum speed. Despite light having no mass does this apply to light? Maximum speed limits expressed as terminal velocity (or more appropriately terminal acceleration ) seems to be a constant of the universe from traveling specs of dust to entire galaxies but for the contradictory of the expanding universe.
There is another answer. It all depends on reality. There is something of what we see of an action though time sped up is observed slower. Take a quarry blast explosion representing a supernova explosion for example. Once again the rate of speed we observe depends on reality or the speed rate we are traveling at though time ourselves.
Lets view the second the ruble razes time slowed down we observe the environment second as an hour. Mathematics projects we would be three thousand six hundred times as fast as the normal second. Like observing the hour hand of a clock seems frozen in time every second. The explosion my look frozen but the ruble is still razing in time. It would take the all the environment's seconds in a hour to fully expand and settle. Operating on the same principle we may be observing the same effect of nebulae's in the universe. They look remarkable like the explosions of supernova frozen in time to us.
According to a Planck constant every environment second would be a Planck scale where a supernovae duration 6626 forty naughts times as long as our environment second. Anybody into challenging mathematics should be able to project the equivalent every environment second centuries long viewing supernova from earth.
Operating on the principle of time inside a black hole on a Planck scale would appear a different rate of speed to us. We are observing the holes the direction light is traveling inward. What would the universe look like looking outwards? If light is going into black hole direction, we would most likely observe a total white out like as if this page was a blank. Where we see space as a black void we'd probably observe looking at the universe from inside black holes a white void because we would be looking straight into the direction of the incoming light.
Einstein's special theory tells us any void whether black or white is an isolated system where it is impossible to tell any time or motion. Everything appears fixed. Time and motion having no meaning is only a relative circumstance whether looking outside to the universe of looking inside from the universe, to a coma.
Monday, June 4, 2012
What is time?
Science and sports coaches make athletes win or lose by fraction of seconds while the rest of us dismiss as an nick picking accuracy. Where do we begin measure the time in sport trails. A very good case in point with TV motor sport commentators. They announce nose to tail following distance dramas in decimals of a second.
A second is really a long time. It is the time we say "One thousand and one" the time the second hand of analogue clock moves a division. It is measured in the standard metric prefix units (mill lee) for a thousandth, micro a millionth, nano a thousand millionth and even pico for a billionth. Seventh hundred and fifty milliseconds is three quarter second, five hundred a half, three hundred a third, two hundred and fifty a quarter, a hundred and twenty five an eighth and a hundred a tenth second respectively.By that time the second hand of clocks move a division and with a bit of practice saying one thousand and one while we pace a distance we can become pretty good at judging we walk a meter in that time.
We can do the math's on this walking a meter per second adding all the second of an hour. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer when we walk a kilometer 1 thousand 600 meters becomes 3.6kmph walking velocity.
By the time we walked a meter light in space light had traveled 299 million 792 thousand and 458 meters to be exact. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer, just under the 300thouasnd kilometers threshold.
Albert Einstein's special theory of reality says at high speed motion we observe the environment's second stretched longer. For example the second hand of a wall clock observed moving a single division in two seconds. In other words for every one second we observe the environment two of the environment's pass respectively. To observe the environment's second twice as slow we would be traveling twice as fast as the environment's second. From the environment's point of view we would be two seconds in the future every second.
Operating on the principle if we travel though time twice as slow as the environment's second everything observed in reverse of the latter. We would observe the environment two seconds into the future every second while from the environment's point of view we'd slowed down in time twice as slow, or by two seconds for the environment's one second.
Normally the second hand of an analogue clock moves each division as the minute hand looks frozen in time. If we concentrate on every second whether an analogue or digital time piece we notice every second gets longer and longer. By the time a quarter minute had become a significant amount of time let a lone half minute. The last 5 seconds of the minute will be the longest. I bet that will be the longest minute you'll ever sit though.
When we observe the second hand move a full circle the minute hand always looked stationary despite it moved a division. On some clocks we can barely observe it move.
Despite observing the second hand moved round the face 60 full circles we never notice the minute hand moved only once. And once more by that time the stationary hour hand only moved one division. The minute and hour of these moving hands are too slow to observe moving.
If we do the math's adding up all the seconds in an hour tells us every hour is 3,600 times as slow as every second. In other words an hour long TV program is 3,600 as slow as every second in the hour. Unlike the second every minute and the hour is to slow to observe moving.
Every 12 midnight is a date change to the next calendar day. We never observe the hour hand moving the two full circles one for a.m. and repeating the cycle for p.m. The hour moves from the first second 12 midnight in the a.m. to 12 midday for one whole circle, then to the last second 12 midnight completing the p.m. circle, a total of 86 thousand 400 seconds in every date change.
The movement of light moves though time as the earth blocks the sun's light each side of the earth traveling round it. It is to slow for us to observe the changes from the pitch black of night to the bight of day. So too, in the evening. In fact even if we wait observing the sun rise from pitch black to bright daylight and vice versa. It takes practice and patient skills to observe the movement of light to change from one extreme to the other as the sun's light crosses the earth.
If we take a working week we can add up all the seconds from the first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second 12 midnight the following Sunday night. And we can add up the seconds of every calendar month.
If we multiply all the seconds of a day multiplied by 365 in a year we have all the seconds from the first second 12 midnight news years morning to the last 12 midnight new years eve. If we take into account of the extra day at the end of February every leap year we can add up all the seconds of a decade, a century to a millennia. (A thousand years). We can even project all the seconds in a million years a billion and even in a trillion centuries. We don't have to stop there we can go infinitely beyond.
If we known the second we were born we can work out how old we are in seconds. Being impractical even up to the minute the best we can do is work how old we are in days. (Don't forget to count all the leap years in you life up to the current day).
Never the less this does not account for the international dates between every country in the world let a lone compensating for daylight saving issues. What clocks tell you 6.a.m. in the morning in one part of the world on the other side will read anywhere between, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.p.m. respectively. There is no part of the world where the time is equally simultaneous. Even between cities inside a country can be different from a few seconds to as much as a few hours.
If we study digital clocks they show every time the second numbers become 59 the minute and hour numbers change back to a double zero when the proceeding number changes to the next number. The last second of a day is 11.59:59 (11 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds) where the first second of the next day begins at 00:00:00 beginning the first minute.
By the time we say "One thousand and one" the second ends at 00:00:01. The next second ends at 00:00:02 and the third second ends at 00:00:03 and so on. The minute doesn't end till the seconds reach 00:00.59 where 00:01:00 begins the first minute. The Hour doesn't end till 00:59:59 in which case the next hour begins at 01:00:00 and so on where the first second of the hour ends at 01:00:01 and so on.
Every date change of each day is 86,400 times as slow as a every second. Math's projects the reciprocal of 86,400 every second is 86,00th of a day (Or 1 divide 86,400). We can not observe the minute and hour parts of the day move as quickly as every second. The minutes, hours and days are to slow to observe moving let a lone weeks, months to a year and decades.
As light travels 300,000km in a second is a light second. It is a constant in every second. As light takes just under 8 minutes to reach us from the nearest star (our sun) is 8 light minutes away from earth. If we take all the seconds in an hour multiplied by 300,000km gives the kilometers light traveled by the time an hour long TV program, a light hour. The same is true if we add up the seconds in each week, a light week away from earth. The same with each calendar month. All the second of a year times a light second gives the distance in kilometers light had traveled.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every February every fourth leap year we can calculate the seconds of a decade, a century, a millennia, (a thousand years) a million a billon and even trillions of centuries light traveled the universe traveling 300,000km every second.
Operating on the principle every second is the time we say "One thousand and one" sports coaches and science win or lose our sports heroes by fractions of using the standard metric prefix system a microsecond is a thousandth of a millisecond projecting a millionth second (0.000001s). A nano second is a thousandth of a microsecond projecting a thousand millionth second.(0.000000000001s), and a Terasecond 15 decimal zeros.
Theoretically a fraction of a second can be any number of decimal zeros you like, 99, thousands, millions, billons, even trillions of decimal zeros tiny. There can be no limit to the number of zeros. The only limit is us.
Inversely reciprocals are essentially the same number of decimal places but positive. For example the 3 zeros of 0.001 second on the right of the 1 making it a thousand seconds. It tells us reciprocals are every light second. For example is 31 million 536 thousand 400 millionth of a year is a second when we add up all the seconds of a year relatively speaking only 9 decimal places both minus and plus.
So if a light second is a distance of just under 300,000km in a second 1km is the distance light travels correspondingly the same just 300,00th of a second. Mathematics projects 1 dived 300,000 as decimal 0.0000033 (or 3 microseconds 3kkmph).
Light is made up of particles called photons vigorous with energy giving it it's wave like characteristics. According to classical physicist each photon accelerates to a peak velocity, slows down to a stop to reverses direction reaccelerates to a peak velocity slows down and stops to reverse direction repeating the cycle at a frequency of 405 to 790 THz. Tera hertz, Tera from the standard metric prefix system for 15 digit numbers in this case 4 0 5 with 12 zeros to 7 9 with 13 zeros cycles per second.
Scientific notation for such large numbers as these are written in decimal places just to the right of 10, one times ten 15 times. So for theses figures will be 4 point 0 5 times to the 15 and 7 point 9 times 10 to the 15. (4.5 x 1015 & 7.9 x 1015 ) per second respectively. The reciprocals point out the wavelength across the distance of the cycle is 4 point 0 5 times ten to the "minus" 10 to the 15 and 7.9 x 15 to the minus 1015 (4.05 x 10-15 & 7.9 x 10-15) of a meter. Math's points out minus the 6 zeros of a a micrometer unit gives us 4.05 x 10-9 and 7.9 x 10-9 of a micrometer. Note typical school rulers measure the thickness of a news paper page 1 micrometer 10-6 of a meter.
According to quantum physics photons are supposed to jump though time no more than a distance of 6.26 x 10-34th of a meter ( or 6.26 x 10-28th of a micrometer) called a Planck length as 6.26 x 10-34th of a second called a Planck second thus the smallest unit of time. Thus a quantum leap is a Planck distance in a Planck second. The reciprocal tells us the frequency in a second is 6.26 x 1034 Planck length and seconds. This quantum leap explains the classical physics link of the wavelength of one cycle of light per second.
If we were to travel at light speed the universe would observe us traveling the speed of light being 300,000 times faster. In effect from our point of view we would observe traveling in parallel with light speed. We would observe the universe the reciprocal, the distance of 300,000km of the universe slowed down to 300,000 seconds. If we do the math's on this works out to 3km/s. In other words sub light speed view point of the speed of light is 300,000km/s while a light speed point of view is the reciprocal where the universe is 3km/s respectively.
Math's points out going by the diameter of the earth light would travel just under 7 times round the entire circumference in a second, in other words by the time we say "One thousand and one." Multiplying 6.26 x 1034 by 7 gives does not give the frequency of the Planck length and seconds because 7 times in a light second.
If we measure a glob of the earth that is to scale of the earth's circumference with a piece of string and opened it out to a straight line and measure that times the time light travels round the earth in a second will give you the distance light travels in a straight line in a second. Thus the diameter of the earth times 7 is roughly the distance of a light second.
If we were to hug a few meters above sea level at light speed we would observe the environment's time as slow as the reciprocal of light speed. From our point of view every environment second will be 300,000 seconds. If we do the math's on this about the equivalent of a long weekend would pass for us for every environment second.
From the environment's point of view we would be 6 times close to 7 times round the world in the future every second. We on the other hand would observe every second appear as long as a long week end in every. The resulting stretch of the environment's second we would observe a number of environment changes.
First we would be traveling so fast we would be able to observe the second hand of a clock slowed down to equal moving a long weekend while the environment observes us 7 times round the world in a second if we could survive the inertia at that velocity.
Inertia is the property of motion expressed in Isaac Newton's laws of force and motion. According to Albert Einstein the inertia is so great at light speed the inertia would force the energy of light speed to crush and pulverize anything to atoms the equivalent of a force of gravity we express today as G-force. Think of the kilograms of weight we feel pulling us back into our seats in a straight line powerful muscle car acceleration of 0 to 80kmp (50mph) in less than a few seconds.
Einstein's famous e equals m c squared formulae tells us the pressure of the inertia on a piece of milligram of mater traveling on a light speed scale would be so great would incinerated to pure heat called plasma in less than a second.
There will be changes of the environment's dimensions. The environment would look like it's stretched way-way out of proportion as we know it at sub light speed, due to the stretched second. It's a bit like the aspect ratio of a wide screen TV stretching a standard square TV picture to fit the dimensions.
Not only that because we are traveling in parallel with the mains lighting frequency (an alternating current oscillating back and forth though the lighting sources ) alters the color cast of the environment from the pure white of florescent sources to the color of the ordinary off yellow color cast of common lamp bulbs coloring that environment at sub light speed. Not only the mains lighting but nature's coloring as well. The cool greens and blues would become the hot yellow and red colors.
Red light is the longest wavelength we can see and a purple blue (violet) is the shortest on a sub light speed scale. In other words we should observe the lowering of the cosmos electromagnetic radiation frequencies resulting in the cold blues and greens red shifted due to mowing faster than than the sub light speed second.
Math's tells us light speed is so fast it will calculate we should not be able to see any color at all because even the wavelength of violet is shifted long enough to be inferred wavelengths we can't see. The frequencies would be so low inferred cameras traveling on a light speed scale would be struggling to detect.
In fact math's projects we should be traveling in parallel with the supper high frequency (or supper short wavelengths ) of the cosmic radiation spewing from the sun thus observe them at the lower frequency colors we can observe.
Light speed is a fixed constant. We would be a constant velocity in a constant future every second not accelerating into the future every second. We should observe every second in every environment hour constant day and night, for weeks on end, month's even into years, decades, centuries, millennia, millions and billions years even trillions of environmental centuries every second equal to a long week end. How boring just to observe the colorful cosmic radiation.
On the other hand the environment would see us close to 7 times round the world in the future every second for an equal amount of time every second.
In open space despite the zero resistance of a vacuum light cannot go any faster. It is at it's maximum speed limit. Therefore we are observing the environment's time at it's slowest. We cannot observe it move any slower than a long week end per second. The environment's time appears stopped because it is to slow to observe moving because every environment second is as long as a long weekend.
If we were to view the second hand as slow as we normally observe the minute hand we would be a very slow 60 times faster than a sub light speed second to light speed standards.
From out point of view we would observe the reciprocal ( every 60th sub light speed second ) as a second. Theoretically we would be traveling in parallel with the mains alternating current frequency.
Our power is made up of the outer orbiting particles of the atom called electrons oscillating back and forth 60 times in a second we normally view as a steady light like torch light. But traveling on a minute faster than the sub light speed scale we would be traveling in parallel with the mains frequency. Theoretically we would view all the mains lighting throb from minim to maximum brightness once every second. In other words we would be viewing 60Hz as 1Hz every environment second. We would observe office workers frozen in time but things like electric fans that seem to be laboring for lack of power testimony of moving though time.
And what if we observe of the mains lighting if we were traveling though time an hour faster than sub light speed second? Math's projects we should observe the main frequency We'd view the mains lighting throb from minimum to maximum brightness once every minute. In other words a minute per cycle frequency. Not only that, but everything else in the environment would be changed every minute.
A second is really a long time. It is the time we say "One thousand and one" the time the second hand of analogue clock moves a division. It is measured in the standard metric prefix units (mill lee) for a thousandth, micro a millionth, nano a thousand millionth and even pico for a billionth. Seventh hundred and fifty milliseconds is three quarter second, five hundred a half, three hundred a third, two hundred and fifty a quarter, a hundred and twenty five an eighth and a hundred a tenth second respectively.By that time the second hand of clocks move a division and with a bit of practice saying one thousand and one while we pace a distance we can become pretty good at judging we walk a meter in that time.
We can do the math's on this walking a meter per second adding all the second of an hour. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer when we walk a kilometer 1 thousand 600 meters becomes 3.6kmph walking velocity.
By the time we walked a meter light in space light had traveled 299 million 792 thousand and 458 meters to be exact. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer, just under the 300thouasnd kilometers threshold.
Albert Einstein's special theory of reality says at high speed motion we observe the environment's second stretched longer. For example the second hand of a wall clock observed moving a single division in two seconds. In other words for every one second we observe the environment two of the environment's pass respectively. To observe the environment's second twice as slow we would be traveling twice as fast as the environment's second. From the environment's point of view we would be two seconds in the future every second.
Operating on the principle if we travel though time twice as slow as the environment's second everything observed in reverse of the latter. We would observe the environment two seconds into the future every second while from the environment's point of view we'd slowed down in time twice as slow, or by two seconds for the environment's one second.
Normally the second hand of an analogue clock moves each division as the minute hand looks frozen in time. If we concentrate on every second whether an analogue or digital time piece we notice every second gets longer and longer. By the time a quarter minute had become a significant amount of time let a lone half minute. The last 5 seconds of the minute will be the longest. I bet that will be the longest minute you'll ever sit though.
When we observe the second hand move a full circle the minute hand always looked stationary despite it moved a division. On some clocks we can barely observe it move.
Despite observing the second hand moved round the face 60 full circles we never notice the minute hand moved only once. And once more by that time the stationary hour hand only moved one division. The minute and hour of these moving hands are too slow to observe moving.
If we do the math's adding up all the seconds in an hour tells us every hour is 3,600 times as slow as every second. In other words an hour long TV program is 3,600 as slow as every second in the hour. Unlike the second every minute and the hour is to slow to observe moving.
Every 12 midnight is a date change to the next calendar day. We never observe the hour hand moving the two full circles one for a.m. and repeating the cycle for p.m. The hour moves from the first second 12 midnight in the a.m. to 12 midday for one whole circle, then to the last second 12 midnight completing the p.m. circle, a total of 86 thousand 400 seconds in every date change.
The movement of light moves though time as the earth blocks the sun's light each side of the earth traveling round it. It is to slow for us to observe the changes from the pitch black of night to the bight of day. So too, in the evening. In fact even if we wait observing the sun rise from pitch black to bright daylight and vice versa. It takes practice and patient skills to observe the movement of light to change from one extreme to the other as the sun's light crosses the earth.
If we take a working week we can add up all the seconds from the first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second 12 midnight the following Sunday night. And we can add up the seconds of every calendar month.
If we multiply all the seconds of a day multiplied by 365 in a year we have all the seconds from the first second 12 midnight news years morning to the last 12 midnight new years eve. If we take into account of the extra day at the end of February every leap year we can add up all the seconds of a decade, a century to a millennia. (A thousand years). We can even project all the seconds in a million years a billion and even in a trillion centuries. We don't have to stop there we can go infinitely beyond.
If we known the second we were born we can work out how old we are in seconds. Being impractical even up to the minute the best we can do is work how old we are in days. (Don't forget to count all the leap years in you life up to the current day).
Never the less this does not account for the international dates between every country in the world let a lone compensating for daylight saving issues. What clocks tell you 6.a.m. in the morning in one part of the world on the other side will read anywhere between, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.p.m. respectively. There is no part of the world where the time is equally simultaneous. Even between cities inside a country can be different from a few seconds to as much as a few hours.
If we study digital clocks they show every time the second numbers become 59 the minute and hour numbers change back to a double zero when the proceeding number changes to the next number. The last second of a day is 11.59:59 (11 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds) where the first second of the next day begins at 00:00:00 beginning the first minute.
By the time we say "One thousand and one" the second ends at 00:00:01. The next second ends at 00:00:02 and the third second ends at 00:00:03 and so on. The minute doesn't end till the seconds reach 00:00.59 where 00:01:00 begins the first minute. The Hour doesn't end till 00:59:59 in which case the next hour begins at 01:00:00 and so on where the first second of the hour ends at 01:00:01 and so on.
Every date change of each day is 86,400 times as slow as a every second. Math's projects the reciprocal of 86,400 every second is 86,00th of a day (Or 1 divide 86,400). We can not observe the minute and hour parts of the day move as quickly as every second. The minutes, hours and days are to slow to observe moving let a lone weeks, months to a year and decades.
As light travels 300,000km in a second is a light second. It is a constant in every second. As light takes just under 8 minutes to reach us from the nearest star (our sun) is 8 light minutes away from earth. If we take all the seconds in an hour multiplied by 300,000km gives the kilometers light traveled by the time an hour long TV program, a light hour. The same is true if we add up the seconds in each week, a light week away from earth. The same with each calendar month. All the second of a year times a light second gives the distance in kilometers light had traveled.
If we take into account of the extra day at the end of every February every fourth leap year we can calculate the seconds of a decade, a century, a millennia, (a thousand years) a million a billon and even trillions of centuries light traveled the universe traveling 300,000km every second.
Operating on the principle every second is the time we say "One thousand and one" sports coaches and science win or lose our sports heroes by fractions of using the standard metric prefix system a microsecond is a thousandth of a millisecond projecting a millionth second (0.000001s). A nano second is a thousandth of a microsecond projecting a thousand millionth second.(0.000000000001s), and a Terasecond 15 decimal zeros.
Theoretically a fraction of a second can be any number of decimal zeros you like, 99, thousands, millions, billons, even trillions of decimal zeros tiny. There can be no limit to the number of zeros. The only limit is us.
Inversely reciprocals are essentially the same number of decimal places but positive. For example the 3 zeros of 0.001 second on the right of the 1 making it a thousand seconds. It tells us reciprocals are every light second. For example is 31 million 536 thousand 400 millionth of a year is a second when we add up all the seconds of a year relatively speaking only 9 decimal places both minus and plus.
So if a light second is a distance of just under 300,000km in a second 1km is the distance light travels correspondingly the same just 300,00th of a second. Mathematics projects 1 dived 300,000 as decimal 0.0000033 (or 3 microseconds 3kkmph).
Light is made up of particles called photons vigorous with energy giving it it's wave like characteristics. According to classical physicist each photon accelerates to a peak velocity, slows down to a stop to reverses direction reaccelerates to a peak velocity slows down and stops to reverse direction repeating the cycle at a frequency of 405 to 790 THz. Tera hertz, Tera from the standard metric prefix system for 15 digit numbers in this case 4 0 5 with 12 zeros to 7 9 with 13 zeros cycles per second.
Scientific notation for such large numbers as these are written in decimal places just to the right of 10, one times ten 15 times. So for theses figures will be 4 point 0 5 times to the 15 and 7 point 9 times 10 to the 15. (4.5 x 1015 & 7.9 x 1015 ) per second respectively. The reciprocals point out the wavelength across the distance of the cycle is 4 point 0 5 times ten to the "minus" 10 to the 15 and 7.9 x 15 to the minus 1015 (4.05 x 10-15 & 7.9 x 10-15) of a meter. Math's points out minus the 6 zeros of a a micrometer unit gives us 4.05 x 10-9 and 7.9 x 10-9 of a micrometer. Note typical school rulers measure the thickness of a news paper page 1 micrometer 10-6 of a meter.
According to quantum physics photons are supposed to jump though time no more than a distance of 6.26 x 10-34th of a meter ( or 6.26 x 10-28th of a micrometer) called a Planck length as 6.26 x 10-34th of a second called a Planck second thus the smallest unit of time. Thus a quantum leap is a Planck distance in a Planck second. The reciprocal tells us the frequency in a second is 6.26 x 1034 Planck length and seconds. This quantum leap explains the classical physics link of the wavelength of one cycle of light per second.
If we were to travel at light speed the universe would observe us traveling the speed of light being 300,000 times faster. In effect from our point of view we would observe traveling in parallel with light speed. We would observe the universe the reciprocal, the distance of 300,000km of the universe slowed down to 300,000 seconds. If we do the math's on this works out to 3km/s. In other words sub light speed view point of the speed of light is 300,000km/s while a light speed point of view is the reciprocal where the universe is 3km/s respectively.
Math's points out going by the diameter of the earth light would travel just under 7 times round the entire circumference in a second, in other words by the time we say "One thousand and one." Multiplying 6.26 x 1034 by 7 gives does not give the frequency of the Planck length and seconds because 7 times in a light second.
If we measure a glob of the earth that is to scale of the earth's circumference with a piece of string and opened it out to a straight line and measure that times the time light travels round the earth in a second will give you the distance light travels in a straight line in a second. Thus the diameter of the earth times 7 is roughly the distance of a light second.
If we were to hug a few meters above sea level at light speed we would observe the environment's time as slow as the reciprocal of light speed. From our point of view every environment second will be 300,000 seconds. If we do the math's on this about the equivalent of a long weekend would pass for us for every environment second.
From the environment's point of view we would be 6 times close to 7 times round the world in the future every second. We on the other hand would observe every second appear as long as a long week end in every. The resulting stretch of the environment's second we would observe a number of environment changes.
First we would be traveling so fast we would be able to observe the second hand of a clock slowed down to equal moving a long weekend while the environment observes us 7 times round the world in a second if we could survive the inertia at that velocity.
Inertia is the property of motion expressed in Isaac Newton's laws of force and motion. According to Albert Einstein the inertia is so great at light speed the inertia would force the energy of light speed to crush and pulverize anything to atoms the equivalent of a force of gravity we express today as G-force. Think of the kilograms of weight we feel pulling us back into our seats in a straight line powerful muscle car acceleration of 0 to 80kmp (50mph) in less than a few seconds.
Einstein's famous e equals m c squared formulae tells us the pressure of the inertia on a piece of milligram of mater traveling on a light speed scale would be so great would incinerated to pure heat called plasma in less than a second.
There will be changes of the environment's dimensions. The environment would look like it's stretched way-way out of proportion as we know it at sub light speed, due to the stretched second. It's a bit like the aspect ratio of a wide screen TV stretching a standard square TV picture to fit the dimensions.
Not only that because we are traveling in parallel with the mains lighting frequency (an alternating current oscillating back and forth though the lighting sources ) alters the color cast of the environment from the pure white of florescent sources to the color of the ordinary off yellow color cast of common lamp bulbs coloring that environment at sub light speed. Not only the mains lighting but nature's coloring as well. The cool greens and blues would become the hot yellow and red colors.
Red light is the longest wavelength we can see and a purple blue (violet) is the shortest on a sub light speed scale. In other words we should observe the lowering of the cosmos electromagnetic radiation frequencies resulting in the cold blues and greens red shifted due to mowing faster than than the sub light speed second.
Math's tells us light speed is so fast it will calculate we should not be able to see any color at all because even the wavelength of violet is shifted long enough to be inferred wavelengths we can't see. The frequencies would be so low inferred cameras traveling on a light speed scale would be struggling to detect.
In fact math's projects we should be traveling in parallel with the supper high frequency (or supper short wavelengths ) of the cosmic radiation spewing from the sun thus observe them at the lower frequency colors we can observe.
Light speed is a fixed constant. We would be a constant velocity in a constant future every second not accelerating into the future every second. We should observe every second in every environment hour constant day and night, for weeks on end, month's even into years, decades, centuries, millennia, millions and billions years even trillions of environmental centuries every second equal to a long week end. How boring just to observe the colorful cosmic radiation.
On the other hand the environment would see us close to 7 times round the world in the future every second for an equal amount of time every second.
In open space despite the zero resistance of a vacuum light cannot go any faster. It is at it's maximum speed limit. Therefore we are observing the environment's time at it's slowest. We cannot observe it move any slower than a long week end per second. The environment's time appears stopped because it is to slow to observe moving because every environment second is as long as a long weekend.
If we were to view the second hand as slow as we normally observe the minute hand we would be a very slow 60 times faster than a sub light speed second to light speed standards.
From out point of view we would observe the reciprocal ( every 60th sub light speed second ) as a second. Theoretically we would be traveling in parallel with the mains alternating current frequency.
Our power is made up of the outer orbiting particles of the atom called electrons oscillating back and forth 60 times in a second we normally view as a steady light like torch light. But traveling on a minute faster than the sub light speed scale we would be traveling in parallel with the mains frequency. Theoretically we would view all the mains lighting throb from minim to maximum brightness once every second. In other words we would be viewing 60Hz as 1Hz every environment second. We would observe office workers frozen in time but things like electric fans that seem to be laboring for lack of power testimony of moving though time.
And what if we observe of the mains lighting if we were traveling though time an hour faster than sub light speed second? Math's projects we should observe the main frequency We'd view the mains lighting throb from minimum to maximum brightness once every minute. In other words a minute per cycle frequency. Not only that, but everything else in the environment would be changed every minute.
Thursday, May 17, 2012
How cold is a black hole?
Black holes are the legendary odyssey of the universe. The dominant characteristic is gravity believed to be the gravitational remains of dead stars thousands of times larger than our sun the center smaller than an atom but strong enough to capture a 100% of light.
Some of us believe our sun could be a black hole one day but it doesn't work like that. Size matters. The current size of our star it's gravity just won't cut it to collapse into a black hole. Too small mass meaning the gravity is not strong enough for that sort og thing.
Despite the zero resistance of open space it's light travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers by the time we say "One thousand and one". It can't go any faster. The shinning light is it's maximum speed limit. But it can't escape a black hole gravity. For all we know the escape velocity from could be anything faster for light to escape.
However as early as the early1990's particle accelerators have shown evidence of particles called Neutrinos that travel faster than light. They don't react to matter or gravity and if travel beyond light speed pass right though the earth in less than a second as it wasn't there. If they are fast enough may be able to escape a black hole. Who knows? It can go a long way to some of the numerous speculations surrounding Hawking radiation from black holes.
Most of us believe the gravity is infinite crushing everything out of existence. At school we were all taught matter can not be destroyed only changed to a different form obeying the mater and energy conservation law. If black holes are a fitting exception to matter and energy cannot be destroyed, then "not to a black hole it's not"! The secrete is deciding if black hole is an exception or not.
Another exception is the gravity our own star the sun. The sun holds the farthest body in our solar system Pluto in stable orbit all that distance in real time. A key point points out light takes just under 8 minutes to reach earth let a lone all the way to Pluto. Our star is constantly in a state of high velocity dragging the entire solar system with itself orbiting in a rapidly whirling galaxy. They may seem stationary but in space there is no such thing as stationary motion.
What would Isaac Newton have said if a student dared to ask if he had figured out the velocity of gravity. The only answer we can all think of there isn't any which puts gravity in a unknown velocity category. We can only cover our bases for the time being until proven otherwise infinite. We have a new law that says "Nothing can exceed the speed of light" adding "except gravity".
If we believe nothing can exist in a black hole not even time, think of this. Nothing can be frozen any colder than minis 273 digress Celsius or more accurately 273.15.
If the nothing can exist inside is to be believed not even temperature shouldn't. It should be infinitely cold. In keeping with the characteristics of a clasping gravity imagine a liter of water viper infinitely frozen in less than a second. It is hard to imagine a coldness minus 2,730 trillion digress Fahrenheit et a lone way-way beyond infinite.
Scientists don't use the every day Celsius and Fahrenheit scale but what they use is a Kelvin scale. Minus Kelvin doesn't exist because it is a coldness a few ( pronounced mill lee digress ) millidigress ( 0001) above 273 .15 digress Celsius the point in which all atomic activity ceases. The secrete to what's in a black hole then when matter is cold enough ( frozen water for example ) at 0 Kelvin. It has been done in a laboratory observing matter something quite different. Imagine anything with zero atomic energy.
If coldness of a black hole follows the infinite characteristics we assume we can always divide 0 Kelvin by an unlimited number of times making minus Kelvin well over trillions of trillions of decimal zeros and beyond. 0 Kelvin is the maximum cold temperature where atomic energy ceases to exist putting something of a finite limit inside a black hole.
Cosmology calls the temperature inside black holes a characteristic of Entropy. The definition is hard to pin down in their context as it is not a common word we find in school dictionaries except to say means decay. For example think of the time an immaculate abandoned house to decay to a unrecognizable heap of rubble. Everything starts in good order but time tells to a state of disrepair to finally collapsing into a chaotic mess. The faster it falls apart is said to be high Entropy and the slower the lower the Entropy. Due the questionable nature of the temperature inside black holes are said to be Entropic in nature although be it extremely low.
Believing time is meaningless inside a black hole a trillion centuries on earth could easily pass in less than a second to a faded to nothing is an example.
So how cold are black holes and if there is no exception matter cannot be destroyed what has happened matter that has falling into black holes? What is currently in them?
Take light for example. It travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers ( 186 thousand miles) by the time we say "One thousand and one." every second. We can walk a meter in that time and is the time the second hand of a clock moves a division. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer light travels a million meters by the time we walk one meter in every second.
Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity explores traveling in parallel with light. We are 300,000 times as fast as we'd normally view the universe at sub a light speed scale. We'd think we'd view light as traveling in parallel with us viewing light as if stationary while the universe appears to travel at light speed.
Math's projects the reciprocal of 300,000 times faster than sub light speed we would observe the universe 300,000 times as slow. In other words math's projects we would observe 300,000 seconds to travel the same distance we'd normally observe traveling at sub light speed. If we keep doing the math's 300,000 seconds is just under a long weekend long or in other words observing the universe on a light speed scale will appear to travel 3km/s.
Light is made up of particles called photons vigorously vibrating with energy. According to classical physics each photon should accelerate and slow down to a stop to reverse direction accelerating again slowing down to a stop to reverse direction repeating the cycle believed to be about a few hundred billion times a second.
Quantum physics tells us a different story though. Quantum mechanics is the physics of the very tiny not just atoms but even smaller then the individual particles that make them up. Evidence of the particles of light called photons jump though the dimensions of space and time a distance of 43 decimal zeros 6, 2, 6 of a meter every second called a Planck length. 0.000000000001 of a meter micrometer only 12 zeros about the thickness of a piece of paper. Nanotechnology is 10 times as small the size of our body cells 15 decimal zeros of a meter. Another way to put that is 0.01 of a micrometer.
Scientific notation for such large decimal fractions is expressed as 10 to the minus a shorthand notation 10 with a little take away sign just to the right of the 10 in meters to micrometers. 10 to the minus 43 meter is 10 to the minus 36 micrometer respectively.
Both Isaac Newtown and Albert Einstein's opinion's agree gravity is an inward pull force direction the difference being Newton believed though an action at a distance between two body's and Einstein due to curved space. Who ever heard of gravity that pulls bodies in both directions.
Einstein's general theory suggests it is plausible a black hole in one part of the universe and another far away in another both sinking deep wells in space would link up with one another.
The most popular scenario is a transverse wormhole. Everybody assumes an input and output direction. Think for a minute the view points of each universe at each end of a wormhole. From each end stand point is an input and the other end an output. It's easy to assume gravity of the output ends pulls space though the vertex while the input ends shrink space though. In other words a push pull wormhole depending on which direction point of view to each universe. In other words we stereo type wormholes to fit according to our view point.
Wormholes have been thought of as and in and output direction. Is it possible for both ends to be an go "in" and come "out" when ever it pleases to which universe we observe the opening?
Can we visit a universe entering one end and out the other and return though the same wormhole? It might be possible providing the original is collapsed to recreate a new direction.
Most of us believe time has stopped inside black holes because of the belief gravity slows time. People on the top floor of a city sky scrapper for example are further away from the earth's center of gravity. Time there is weighed down more than the top floor. Up there with less gravity people are in a dimension time running faster age a few microseconds faster than street level.
According to Newtown we can measure the difference by his inverse square law principle knowing the distance a person from ground level and assuming what ever the elevator between floors speed is. Lets assume for argument sake a floor per second assuming we involve the factor building designs meters per floor. How high is every floor? We can assume the average height of a human and entering any architectural meters per floor used in the building that determines the meters in for every floor the elevator travels.
Mathematics can make things very interesting if we play round with numbers for fun up to as many floors aw we like per second. Imagine the G-force worked out from ground level to the 100th floor by the time we say one thousand and one.
When a person ascends toward street level they constantly move into the stronger gravitational presence all the time. They age slower and slower to finally street level catches up. And so to when astronauts travel back to earth they age slower and slower till sea level catches up. If a person travels millions of kilometers away from earth we cannot escape the fact influenced by the combined gravitational field all over the universe. So exploring the universe our age will be constantly changing slower the closer we get to any gravitational field and age faster when we leave them.
Some of us believe if an astronaut is caught on the edge of the event horizon will look as if they are suspended in time for ever. From the astronaut's point of view would probably observe a few dozen trillion centuries of the universe pass in a second before he dies of being ripped apart by the singularity. In other words looking from our our point of view it would take a few dozen trillion centuries to be torn apart.
According to Einstein's general theory on the surface of the earth, 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in less than a few seconds would be an impressive acceleration. In the straight line experience we would feel a force weighing us back into our seats we express as G-force ("G's"). Albert Einstein realized it is related to gravity just as a James Clark Maxwell realized magnetism is related to electricity in all electrical devices where magnetic fields generate electricity and electricity generates magnet fields, in the case of motion the G-force properties expressed as a gravitational equivalence. We feel the G-force properties in Rolla Coaster trains hitting tight corners with out slowing down.
However it is a different story in space. The laws of force an motion doesn't seem to apply in space as it does on the surface of the earth for example. If we lunch a body in space it doesn't seem to accelerate just drifts.
Actually a body is accelerating 0 to 8 thousand kmph in a second let a lone 800. According to Einstein there is no absolute motion. Considering the speed of the planets in our solar system revolving round our star (sun), the star itself traveling dragging the solar system with it in a revolving galaxy. In other words there is no place in the universe that is absolutely stationary.
In fact if we don't see light all we'd observed the universe as blind person. All we'd observe is the void of an empty blackness. Even if we travel many thousand of kmph would feel as if stationary.
In fact a case in point with the rotation of the earth. We don't feel the spinning. When we look up to the heavens on a clear night we don't observe any sign of the stars arching briskly across the sky not even slowly. We don't feel the earth under our feet rotating.
In fact we don't observe the minuet and hour hands move at any given moment in time. We observe the minute and hour hands of clocks not moving during the course of an hour. They are to slow to observe moving so are stationary in that hour even more pronounced in the course of a day.
Every 12 midnight is a date change into the next day. We do not observe the hour hand move two full circles one from the first second 12 midnight to 12 midday for a.m and the other from 12 midday to the last second 12 midnight for p.m. Adding up all the seconds gives us 86 thousand 400.
We observe the second hand move a full circle we observe the minute hand as stationary. We don't observe the minute hand make a full circle the hour hand moving a division. We certainly never observe the hour hand make a full circle. Except for the second hand we observe all hands stationary during the course of every day.
Since we can perceive every second by the time we say "One thousand and one" we are observing every second as a time of 86,400 times faster than a day. In other words a second is 86,400 multiples of by the time we "One thousand and one" time periods.
If we look at this inversely a day is 86,400 times as slow as a second. Math's points out makes the hour 3,600 and a minute 60 times as slow.
We observe light speed from a sub light speed point of view. But from light speeds point of the would view the sub light speed second would be the reciprocal meaning 300,000 times as slow.
From our point of view time is 300,000km/s but from light speed's point of view is 3km/s. Since light is traveling at it's maximum speed limit time should not be viewed any slower. In other words it's not stopped. Like the minute and hour hands is only to slow to observe moving. In other words an illusion of stopped when viewing time at light speed point of view. Time would appear to be a "minimum" speed limit.
Einstein had predicted in his special theory the gravitational pressure (or G-force as we know it ) at light speed is so great it is infinite preventing light from traveling any faster. The theory had predicted light speed G-force converts matter to energy where math's projects light speed multiplied by itself then multiplied by a mass in Einstein's famous e equals m c squared where e is energy, m is mass (or matter) and c the constant speed of light.
A nuclear explosion occurs on a light speed scale so predicts the energy of an explosive yield. All we need is a milligram of properly processed uranium to yield the heat and energy of a moderate explosion.
When light encounters gravity like the earth for example, it is slowed down. Particularly though the earth's atmosphere slowed further, slowed further though water, class or prisms. Any children's science and technology library book on how light works are excellent sources for reviewing the physics.
Light is stopped dead in it's tracks by sold objects reversing direction accelerating back though the medium out of the earth atmosphere instantly accelerating to it's maximum open space speed limit in a second. If light is slowed down in the earth's gravity we can only imagine how much in a black hole. From a classical physics point of view we'd think light would be completely stopped. Einstein though so. Stationary light speed would be 0km/s thus time
The mathematical evidence provided by the German physicist Max Planck showed the Planck constant is the minimum length of the universe. Length is finite.
Some of us believe our sun could be a black hole one day but it doesn't work like that. Size matters. The current size of our star it's gravity just won't cut it to collapse into a black hole. Too small mass meaning the gravity is not strong enough for that sort og thing.
Despite the zero resistance of open space it's light travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers by the time we say "One thousand and one". It can't go any faster. The shinning light is it's maximum speed limit. But it can't escape a black hole gravity. For all we know the escape velocity from could be anything faster for light to escape.
However as early as the early1990's particle accelerators have shown evidence of particles called Neutrinos that travel faster than light. They don't react to matter or gravity and if travel beyond light speed pass right though the earth in less than a second as it wasn't there. If they are fast enough may be able to escape a black hole. Who knows? It can go a long way to some of the numerous speculations surrounding Hawking radiation from black holes.
Most of us believe the gravity is infinite crushing everything out of existence. At school we were all taught matter can not be destroyed only changed to a different form obeying the mater and energy conservation law. If black holes are a fitting exception to matter and energy cannot be destroyed, then "not to a black hole it's not"! The secrete is deciding if black hole is an exception or not.
Another exception is the gravity our own star the sun. The sun holds the farthest body in our solar system Pluto in stable orbit all that distance in real time. A key point points out light takes just under 8 minutes to reach earth let a lone all the way to Pluto. Our star is constantly in a state of high velocity dragging the entire solar system with itself orbiting in a rapidly whirling galaxy. They may seem stationary but in space there is no such thing as stationary motion.
What would Isaac Newton have said if a student dared to ask if he had figured out the velocity of gravity. The only answer we can all think of there isn't any which puts gravity in a unknown velocity category. We can only cover our bases for the time being until proven otherwise infinite. We have a new law that says "Nothing can exceed the speed of light" adding "except gravity".
If we believe nothing can exist in a black hole not even time, think of this. Nothing can be frozen any colder than minis 273 digress Celsius or more accurately 273.15.
If the nothing can exist inside is to be believed not even temperature shouldn't. It should be infinitely cold. In keeping with the characteristics of a clasping gravity imagine a liter of water viper infinitely frozen in less than a second. It is hard to imagine a coldness minus 2,730 trillion digress Fahrenheit et a lone way-way beyond infinite.
Scientists don't use the every day Celsius and Fahrenheit scale but what they use is a Kelvin scale. Minus Kelvin doesn't exist because it is a coldness a few ( pronounced mill lee digress ) millidigress ( 0001) above 273 .15 digress Celsius the point in which all atomic activity ceases. The secrete to what's in a black hole then when matter is cold enough ( frozen water for example ) at 0 Kelvin. It has been done in a laboratory observing matter something quite different. Imagine anything with zero atomic energy.
If coldness of a black hole follows the infinite characteristics we assume we can always divide 0 Kelvin by an unlimited number of times making minus Kelvin well over trillions of trillions of decimal zeros and beyond. 0 Kelvin is the maximum cold temperature where atomic energy ceases to exist putting something of a finite limit inside a black hole.
Cosmology calls the temperature inside black holes a characteristic of Entropy. The definition is hard to pin down in their context as it is not a common word we find in school dictionaries except to say means decay. For example think of the time an immaculate abandoned house to decay to a unrecognizable heap of rubble. Everything starts in good order but time tells to a state of disrepair to finally collapsing into a chaotic mess. The faster it falls apart is said to be high Entropy and the slower the lower the Entropy. Due the questionable nature of the temperature inside black holes are said to be Entropic in nature although be it extremely low.
Believing time is meaningless inside a black hole a trillion centuries on earth could easily pass in less than a second to a faded to nothing is an example.
So how cold are black holes and if there is no exception matter cannot be destroyed what has happened matter that has falling into black holes? What is currently in them?
Take light for example. It travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers ( 186 thousand miles) by the time we say "One thousand and one." every second. We can walk a meter in that time and is the time the second hand of a clock moves a division. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer light travels a million meters by the time we walk one meter in every second.
Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity explores traveling in parallel with light. We are 300,000 times as fast as we'd normally view the universe at sub a light speed scale. We'd think we'd view light as traveling in parallel with us viewing light as if stationary while the universe appears to travel at light speed.
Math's projects the reciprocal of 300,000 times faster than sub light speed we would observe the universe 300,000 times as slow. In other words math's projects we would observe 300,000 seconds to travel the same distance we'd normally observe traveling at sub light speed. If we keep doing the math's 300,000 seconds is just under a long weekend long or in other words observing the universe on a light speed scale will appear to travel 3km/s.
Light is made up of particles called photons vigorously vibrating with energy. According to classical physics each photon should accelerate and slow down to a stop to reverse direction accelerating again slowing down to a stop to reverse direction repeating the cycle believed to be about a few hundred billion times a second.
Quantum physics tells us a different story though. Quantum mechanics is the physics of the very tiny not just atoms but even smaller then the individual particles that make them up. Evidence of the particles of light called photons jump though the dimensions of space and time a distance of 43 decimal zeros 6, 2, 6 of a meter every second called a Planck length. 0.000000000001 of a meter micrometer only 12 zeros about the thickness of a piece of paper. Nanotechnology is 10 times as small the size of our body cells 15 decimal zeros of a meter. Another way to put that is 0.01 of a micrometer.
Scientific notation for such large decimal fractions is expressed as 10 to the minus a shorthand notation 10 with a little take away sign just to the right of the 10 in meters to micrometers. 10 to the minus 43 meter is 10 to the minus 36 micrometer respectively.
Both Isaac Newtown and Albert Einstein's opinion's agree gravity is an inward pull force direction the difference being Newton believed though an action at a distance between two body's and Einstein due to curved space. Who ever heard of gravity that pulls bodies in both directions.
Einstein's general theory suggests it is plausible a black hole in one part of the universe and another far away in another both sinking deep wells in space would link up with one another.
The most popular scenario is a transverse wormhole. Everybody assumes an input and output direction. Think for a minute the view points of each universe at each end of a wormhole. From each end stand point is an input and the other end an output. It's easy to assume gravity of the output ends pulls space though the vertex while the input ends shrink space though. In other words a push pull wormhole depending on which direction point of view to each universe. In other words we stereo type wormholes to fit according to our view point.
Wormholes have been thought of as and in and output direction. Is it possible for both ends to be an go "in" and come "out" when ever it pleases to which universe we observe the opening?
Can we visit a universe entering one end and out the other and return though the same wormhole? It might be possible providing the original is collapsed to recreate a new direction.
Most of us believe time has stopped inside black holes because of the belief gravity slows time. People on the top floor of a city sky scrapper for example are further away from the earth's center of gravity. Time there is weighed down more than the top floor. Up there with less gravity people are in a dimension time running faster age a few microseconds faster than street level.
According to Newtown we can measure the difference by his inverse square law principle knowing the distance a person from ground level and assuming what ever the elevator between floors speed is. Lets assume for argument sake a floor per second assuming we involve the factor building designs meters per floor. How high is every floor? We can assume the average height of a human and entering any architectural meters per floor used in the building that determines the meters in for every floor the elevator travels.
Mathematics can make things very interesting if we play round with numbers for fun up to as many floors aw we like per second. Imagine the G-force worked out from ground level to the 100th floor by the time we say one thousand and one.
When a person ascends toward street level they constantly move into the stronger gravitational presence all the time. They age slower and slower to finally street level catches up. And so to when astronauts travel back to earth they age slower and slower till sea level catches up. If a person travels millions of kilometers away from earth we cannot escape the fact influenced by the combined gravitational field all over the universe. So exploring the universe our age will be constantly changing slower the closer we get to any gravitational field and age faster when we leave them.
Some of us believe if an astronaut is caught on the edge of the event horizon will look as if they are suspended in time for ever. From the astronaut's point of view would probably observe a few dozen trillion centuries of the universe pass in a second before he dies of being ripped apart by the singularity. In other words looking from our our point of view it would take a few dozen trillion centuries to be torn apart.
According to Einstein's general theory on the surface of the earth, 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in less than a few seconds would be an impressive acceleration. In the straight line experience we would feel a force weighing us back into our seats we express as G-force ("G's"). Albert Einstein realized it is related to gravity just as a James Clark Maxwell realized magnetism is related to electricity in all electrical devices where magnetic fields generate electricity and electricity generates magnet fields, in the case of motion the G-force properties expressed as a gravitational equivalence. We feel the G-force properties in Rolla Coaster trains hitting tight corners with out slowing down.
However it is a different story in space. The laws of force an motion doesn't seem to apply in space as it does on the surface of the earth for example. If we lunch a body in space it doesn't seem to accelerate just drifts.
Actually a body is accelerating 0 to 8 thousand kmph in a second let a lone 800. According to Einstein there is no absolute motion. Considering the speed of the planets in our solar system revolving round our star (sun), the star itself traveling dragging the solar system with it in a revolving galaxy. In other words there is no place in the universe that is absolutely stationary.
In fact if we don't see light all we'd observed the universe as blind person. All we'd observe is the void of an empty blackness. Even if we travel many thousand of kmph would feel as if stationary.
In fact a case in point with the rotation of the earth. We don't feel the spinning. When we look up to the heavens on a clear night we don't observe any sign of the stars arching briskly across the sky not even slowly. We don't feel the earth under our feet rotating.
In fact we don't observe the minuet and hour hands move at any given moment in time. We observe the minute and hour hands of clocks not moving during the course of an hour. They are to slow to observe moving so are stationary in that hour even more pronounced in the course of a day.
Every 12 midnight is a date change into the next day. We do not observe the hour hand move two full circles one from the first second 12 midnight to 12 midday for a.m and the other from 12 midday to the last second 12 midnight for p.m. Adding up all the seconds gives us 86 thousand 400.
We observe the second hand move a full circle we observe the minute hand as stationary. We don't observe the minute hand make a full circle the hour hand moving a division. We certainly never observe the hour hand make a full circle. Except for the second hand we observe all hands stationary during the course of every day.
Since we can perceive every second by the time we say "One thousand and one" we are observing every second as a time of 86,400 times faster than a day. In other words a second is 86,400 multiples of by the time we "One thousand and one" time periods.
If we look at this inversely a day is 86,400 times as slow as a second. Math's points out makes the hour 3,600 and a minute 60 times as slow.
We observe light speed from a sub light speed point of view. But from light speeds point of the would view the sub light speed second would be the reciprocal meaning 300,000 times as slow.
From our point of view time is 300,000km/s but from light speed's point of view is 3km/s. Since light is traveling at it's maximum speed limit time should not be viewed any slower. In other words it's not stopped. Like the minute and hour hands is only to slow to observe moving. In other words an illusion of stopped when viewing time at light speed point of view. Time would appear to be a "minimum" speed limit.
Einstein had predicted in his special theory the gravitational pressure (or G-force as we know it ) at light speed is so great it is infinite preventing light from traveling any faster. The theory had predicted light speed G-force converts matter to energy where math's projects light speed multiplied by itself then multiplied by a mass in Einstein's famous e equals m c squared where e is energy, m is mass (or matter) and c the constant speed of light.
A nuclear explosion occurs on a light speed scale so predicts the energy of an explosive yield. All we need is a milligram of properly processed uranium to yield the heat and energy of a moderate explosion.
When light encounters gravity like the earth for example, it is slowed down. Particularly though the earth's atmosphere slowed further, slowed further though water, class or prisms. Any children's science and technology library book on how light works are excellent sources for reviewing the physics.
Light is stopped dead in it's tracks by sold objects reversing direction accelerating back though the medium out of the earth atmosphere instantly accelerating to it's maximum open space speed limit in a second. If light is slowed down in the earth's gravity we can only imagine how much in a black hole. From a classical physics point of view we'd think light would be completely stopped. Einstein though so. Stationary light speed would be 0km/s thus time
The mathematical evidence provided by the German physicist Max Planck showed the Planck constant is the minimum length of the universe. Length is finite.
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