Black holes are the legendary odyssey of the universe. The dominant characteristic is gravity believed to be the gravitational remains of dead stars thousands of times larger than our sun the center smaller than an atom but strong enough to capture a 100% of light.
Some of us believe our sun could be a black hole one day but it doesn't work like that. Size matters. The current size of our star it's gravity just won't cut it to collapse into a black hole. Too small mass meaning the gravity is not strong enough for that sort og thing.
Despite the zero resistance of open space it's light travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers by the time we say "One thousand and one". It can't go any faster. The shinning light is it's maximum speed limit. But it can't escape a black hole gravity. For all we know the escape velocity from could be anything faster for light to escape.
However as early as the early1990's particle accelerators have shown evidence of particles called Neutrinos that travel faster than light. They don't react to matter or gravity and if travel beyond light speed pass right though the earth in less than a second as it wasn't there. If they are fast enough may be able to escape a black hole. Who knows? It can go a long way to some of the numerous speculations surrounding Hawking radiation from black holes.
Most of us believe the gravity is infinite crushing everything out of existence. At school we were all taught matter can not be destroyed only changed to a different form obeying the mater and energy conservation law. If black holes are a fitting exception to matter and energy cannot be destroyed, then "not to a black hole it's not"! The secrete is deciding if black hole is an exception or not.
Another exception is the gravity our own star the sun. The sun holds the farthest body in our solar system Pluto in stable orbit all that distance in real time. A key point points out light takes just under 8 minutes to reach earth let a lone all the way to Pluto. Our star is constantly in a state of high velocity dragging the entire solar system with itself orbiting in a rapidly whirling galaxy. They may seem stationary but in space there is no such thing as stationary motion.
What would Isaac Newton have said if a student dared to ask if he had figured out the velocity of gravity. The only answer we can all think of there isn't any which puts gravity in a unknown velocity category. We can only cover our bases for the time being until proven otherwise infinite. We have a new law that says "Nothing can exceed the speed of light" adding "except gravity".
If we believe nothing can exist in a black hole not even time, think of this. Nothing can be frozen any colder than minis 273 digress Celsius or more accurately 273.15.
If the nothing can exist inside is to be believed not even temperature shouldn't. It should be infinitely cold. In keeping with the characteristics of a clasping gravity imagine a liter of water viper infinitely frozen in less than a second. It is hard to imagine a coldness minus 2,730 trillion digress Fahrenheit et a lone way-way beyond infinite.
Scientists don't use the every day Celsius and Fahrenheit scale but what they use is a Kelvin scale. Minus Kelvin doesn't exist because it is a coldness a few ( pronounced mill lee digress ) millidigress ( 0001) above 273 .15 digress Celsius the point in which all atomic activity ceases. The secrete to what's in a black hole then when matter is cold enough ( frozen water for example ) at 0 Kelvin. It has been done in a laboratory observing matter something quite different. Imagine anything with zero atomic energy.
If coldness of a black hole follows the infinite characteristics we assume we can always divide 0 Kelvin by an unlimited number of times making minus Kelvin well over trillions of trillions of decimal zeros and beyond. 0 Kelvin is the maximum cold temperature where atomic energy ceases to exist putting something of a finite limit inside a black hole.
Cosmology calls the temperature inside black holes a characteristic of Entropy. The definition is hard to pin down in their context as it is not a common word we find in school dictionaries except to say means decay. For example think of the time an immaculate abandoned house to decay to a unrecognizable heap of rubble. Everything starts in good order but time tells to a state of disrepair to finally collapsing into a chaotic mess. The faster it falls apart is said to be high Entropy and the slower the lower the Entropy. Due the questionable nature of the temperature inside black holes are said to be Entropic in nature although be it extremely low.
Believing time is meaningless inside a black hole a trillion centuries on earth could easily pass in less than a second to a faded to nothing is an example.
So how cold are black holes and if there is no exception matter cannot be destroyed what has happened matter that has falling into black holes? What is currently in them?
Take light for example. It travels a distance of just under 300 thousand kilometers ( 186 thousand miles) by the time we say "One thousand and one." every second. We can walk a meter in that time and is the time the second hand of a clock moves a division. As there is a thousand meters in a kilometer light travels a million meters by the time we walk one meter in every second.
Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity explores traveling in parallel with light. We are 300,000 times as fast as we'd normally view the universe at sub a light speed scale. We'd think we'd view light as traveling in parallel with us viewing light as if stationary while the universe appears to travel at light speed.
Math's projects the reciprocal of 300,000 times faster than sub light speed we would observe the universe 300,000 times as slow. In other words math's projects we would observe 300,000 seconds to travel the same distance we'd normally observe traveling at sub light speed. If we keep doing the math's 300,000 seconds is just under a long weekend long or in other words observing the universe on a light speed scale will appear to travel 3km/s.
Light is made up of particles called photons vigorously vibrating with energy. According to classical physics each photon should accelerate and slow down to a stop to reverse direction accelerating again slowing down to a stop to reverse direction repeating the cycle believed to be about a few hundred billion times a second.
Quantum physics tells us a different story though. Quantum mechanics is the physics of the very tiny not just atoms but even smaller then the individual particles that make them up. Evidence of the particles of light called photons jump though the dimensions of space and time a distance of 43 decimal zeros 6, 2, 6 of a meter every second called a Planck length. 0.000000000001 of a meter micrometer only 12 zeros about the thickness of a piece of paper. Nanotechnology is 10 times as small the size of our body cells 15 decimal zeros of a meter. Another way to put that is 0.01 of a micrometer.
Scientific notation for such large decimal fractions is expressed as 10 to the minus a shorthand notation 10 with a little take away sign just to the right of the 10 in meters to micrometers. 10 to the minus 43 meter is 10 to the minus 36 micrometer respectively.
Both Isaac Newtown and Albert Einstein's opinion's agree gravity is an inward pull force direction the difference being Newton believed though an action at a distance between two body's and Einstein due to curved space. Who ever heard of gravity that pulls bodies in both directions.
Einstein's general theory suggests it is plausible a black hole in one part of the universe and another far away in another both sinking deep wells in space would link up with one another.
The most popular scenario is a transverse wormhole. Everybody assumes an input and output direction. Think for a minute the view points of each universe at each end of a wormhole. From each end stand point is an input and the other end an output. It's easy to assume gravity of the output ends pulls space though the vertex while the input ends shrink space though. In other words a push pull wormhole depending on which direction point of view to each universe. In other words we stereo type wormholes to fit according to our view point.
Wormholes have been thought of as and in and output direction. Is it possible for both ends to be an go "in" and come "out" when ever it pleases to which universe we observe the opening?
Can we visit a universe entering one end and out the other and return though the same wormhole? It might be possible providing the original is collapsed to recreate a new direction.
Most of us believe time has stopped inside black holes because of the belief gravity slows time. People on the top floor of a city sky scrapper for example are further away from the earth's center of gravity. Time there is weighed down more than the top floor. Up there with less gravity people are in a dimension time running faster age a few microseconds faster than street level.
According to Newtown we can measure the difference by his inverse square law principle knowing the distance a person from ground level and assuming what ever the elevator between floors speed is. Lets assume for argument sake a floor per second assuming we involve the factor building designs meters per floor. How high is every floor? We can assume the average height of a human and entering any architectural meters per floor used in the building that determines the meters in for every floor the elevator travels.
Mathematics can make things very interesting if we play round with numbers for fun up to as many floors aw we like per second. Imagine the G-force worked out from ground level to the 100th floor by the time we say one thousand and one.
When a person ascends toward street level they constantly move into the stronger gravitational presence all the time. They age slower and slower to finally street level catches up. And so to when astronauts travel back to earth they age slower and slower till sea level catches up. If a person travels millions of kilometers away from earth we cannot escape the fact influenced by the combined gravitational field all over the universe. So exploring the universe our age will be constantly changing slower the closer we get to any gravitational field and age faster when we leave them.
Some of us believe if an astronaut is caught on the edge of the event horizon will look as if they are suspended in time for ever. From the astronaut's point of view would probably observe a few dozen trillion centuries of the universe pass in a second before he dies of being ripped apart by the singularity. In other words looking from our our point of view it would take a few dozen trillion centuries to be torn apart.
According to Einstein's general theory on the surface of the earth, 0 to 80kmph (50mph) in less than a few seconds would be an impressive acceleration. In the straight line experience we would feel a force weighing us back into our seats we express as G-force ("G's"). Albert Einstein realized it is related to gravity just as a James Clark Maxwell realized magnetism is related to electricity in all electrical devices where magnetic fields generate electricity and electricity generates magnet fields, in the case of motion the G-force properties expressed as a gravitational equivalence. We feel the G-force properties in Rolla Coaster trains hitting tight corners with out slowing down.
However it is a different story in space. The laws of force an motion doesn't seem to apply in space as it does on the surface of the earth for example. If we lunch a body in space it doesn't seem to accelerate just drifts.
Actually a body is accelerating 0 to 8 thousand kmph in a second let a lone 800. According to Einstein there is no absolute motion. Considering the speed of the planets in our solar system revolving round our star (sun), the star itself traveling dragging the solar system with it in a revolving galaxy. In other words there is no place in the universe that is absolutely stationary.
In fact if we don't see light all we'd observed the universe as blind person. All we'd observe is the void of an empty blackness. Even if we travel many thousand of kmph would feel as if stationary.
In fact a case in point with the rotation of the earth. We don't feel the spinning. When we look up to the heavens on a clear night we don't observe any sign of the stars arching briskly across the sky not even slowly. We don't feel the earth under our feet rotating.
In fact we don't observe the minuet and hour hands move at any given moment in time. We observe the minute and hour hands of clocks not moving during the course of an hour. They are to slow to observe moving so are stationary in that hour even more pronounced in the course of a day.
Every 12 midnight is a date change into the next day. We do not observe the hour hand move two full circles one from the first second 12 midnight to 12 midday for a.m and the other from 12 midday to the last second 12 midnight for p.m. Adding up all the seconds gives us 86 thousand 400.
We observe the second hand move a full circle we observe the minute hand as stationary. We don't observe the minute hand make a full circle the hour hand moving a division. We certainly never observe the hour hand make a full circle. Except for the second hand we observe all hands stationary during the course of every day.
Since we can perceive every second by the time we say "One thousand and one" we are observing every second as a time of 86,400 times faster than a day. In other words a second is 86,400 multiples of by the time we "One thousand and one" time periods.
If we look at this inversely a day is 86,400 times as slow as a second. Math's points out makes the hour 3,600 and a minute 60 times as slow.
We observe light speed from a sub light speed point of view. But from light speeds point of the would view the sub light speed second would be the reciprocal meaning 300,000 times as slow.
From our point of view time is 300,000km/s but from light speed's point of view is 3km/s. Since light is traveling at it's maximum speed limit time should not be viewed any slower. In other words it's not stopped. Like the minute and hour hands is only to slow to observe moving. In other words an illusion of stopped when viewing time at light speed point of view. Time would appear to be a "minimum" speed limit.
Einstein had predicted in his special theory the gravitational pressure (or G-force as we know it ) at light speed is so great it is infinite preventing light from traveling any faster. The theory had predicted light speed G-force converts matter to energy where math's projects light speed multiplied by itself then multiplied by a mass in Einstein's famous e equals m c squared where e is energy, m is mass (or matter) and c the constant speed of light.
A nuclear explosion occurs on a light speed scale so predicts the energy of an explosive yield. All we need is a milligram of properly processed uranium to yield the heat and energy of a moderate explosion.
When light encounters gravity like the earth for example, it is slowed down. Particularly though the earth's atmosphere slowed further, slowed further though water, class or prisms. Any children's science and technology library book on how light works are excellent sources for reviewing the physics.
Light is stopped dead in it's tracks by sold objects reversing direction accelerating back though the medium out of the earth atmosphere instantly accelerating to it's maximum open space speed limit in a second. If light is slowed down in the earth's gravity we can only imagine how much in a black hole. From a classical physics point of view we'd think light would be completely stopped. Einstein though so. Stationary light speed would be 0km/s thus time
The mathematical evidence provided by the German physicist Max Planck showed the Planck constant is the minimum length of the universe. Length is finite.
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