According to Einstein's General theory of relativity the mass of Planets and stars bend space. A common analogy likens it to a heavy bowling ball in the centre of a trampoline. But space is not like a flat trampoline pad. It is a three dimensional geometry of depth every direction. There is no such thing as a up and down only a left and right direction in every direction. If anything planet and stars being spherical would tend to collapse space round the entire circumferences. In effect shrinking collapsing space into them rather than bending a flat surface.
The consequence of the earth's tilt and spin speed should be taken into account if we are to look into the effect of the earth distorting space putting the south Pacific twenty for hours ahead of the North Atlantic every day. According to the General theory of relativity says in effect the Chatom Islands South of New Zealand are bending space just as Northern Britain the other side of the word is right now. In fact every cubic meter of the earth's surface right down to your own back yard.
The collapse round the circumference is what keeps the air we breath, the sea and everything else pressed ( or pulled ) onto to the earth's crust in terms of a kilogram per cubic meter at sea level. In terms of the total mass about eighteen trillion metric tons of space squeezing the entire circumference.
Earth science tells us the earth's crust is a series of plates like a cracked egg shell floating on top of Melton Magma. The spin and orbital centrifugal forces keeps the magma rotating. The consequences generates the earth's magnetic filed turning the earth into a magnetized sphere the north and south poles protecting the earth atmosphere from the ravages of space radiation particularly from our nearby star our sun. In other words the spin velocity.
The solar system's star ( our sun ) equally shrinks space round the entire circumference. If Einstein is right the mass of the sun causes space to shrink on it. In terms of tonnage would be well in excesses of several hundred thousands of millions, of trillions of tones per cubic kilometer of inward compressing pressure of space. Just a cubic kilometer of it's surface would weigh as much as the moon. In terms of scale. On the surface of the sun a viaticum we all carrying round inside us weighing mere few micrograms would weight as much as an ocean liner.
The shrinkage creates a curve round the bodies other bodies orbit like the earth and our solar system planets round our nearest star and the moon round the earth. The velocities of orbiting bodies is very important in maintaining a stable orbit. They are slow enough not to spiral out of control into each other yet not high enough to escape the curve. In other words the curve escape velocity.
Supper giant stars are hundreds of thousands of times heavier. The distorted curve they produce will be very step. All stars including our own are kept from being crushed inwards by the distortion by well over trillions of tones per cubic kilometer expanding pressure on the sun's surface produced by constant thermal nuclear explosions. The cascade began from a build up compression from the distorting space pressure heating Hydrogen enough to fuse into Helium what makes stars expand and shine.
The expansion is resisting the compression of the distorting space. The outer layers are plentiful with hydrogen. The under layers are not. When the outer layers get used up space compresses pulls heavier producing more heat starting to fuse the heavier under layers. Layer by layer by a few million years producing the atoms of the elements right down to the heaviest carbon the last to be produced.
It takes several hundreds of thousands of millions of billions of trillions of tones per kilometer from the distorted space pressuring the stars surface to create carbon. At this pressure vitamin C we carry in our blood stream would weigh as much as a supper Tanker. When carbon runs to low to sustain it mass the any longer the outer layers explodes against the enormous pressure of space injecting into space on at light speed. Anything in it's path is subjected to several hundreds of millions of degrees centigrade traveling at that velocity. Whole planets as big Jupiter would be incinerated several millions of kilometres away. To survive a supper nova has to be a couple of thousand million, trillion Kilometres away.
When zero pressure is left space collapses the remains to a spherical point smaller than a particle of the atom called a singularity. The unit is a Planck constant a tiny decimal fraction, forty zeros on the left of six, six, two, six, ( or six, six, two, six zero six, nine, five, seven to be exact ) a total of a forty three decimal number. Like light speed the value is fixed. It is a finite number worked out by a German physicist Max Plank in 1900.
Physicists loved it because it is a unique constant value that turns out not to be infinite expressed as a Planck constant. It is the final decimal places making the number itself finite. Scientific notation tells us six, point six, two, six, zero six, nine, five, seven, divided by ten forty three times. In other words times ten to the minus forty three. The number shows it's not smaller than that which has bee adopted as the Planck constant the smallest value of the universes. According to the finality of the number nothing can be smaller
The constant is not the diameter of a singularity because of the number says can't be smaller than the radius ( from the center to the edge ). Mathematics tells us the diameter can be worked out using Pi ( pie ) calculating the volume of spheres, taking the radius as the Plank length value and pi that calculates the true diameter and circumference.
The law of mathematics tells us the reciprocal of a Plank constant is the same six, six, two six, number relocated on the left of the same number of zeros ( six. point, two, six times ten to the forty three ) giving a positive number in terms of tonnage per cubic volume at the same value in the minus scale ( ten to the minus forty three ).
In other words mathematics defines a singularity as the Planck pi defining the diameter shrunk to a Plank constant in the minus value weighing the Plank constant in the positive value. Wormholes are sited as the by product of this condition in space. In other words the singularity in the centre of black hole is on a Planck scale in the minus value and mass in the positive.
Most of us by now would be wondering by now about time in the black hole. Most believe time is infinite inside a black hole because we are looking into a black hole from the outside of the universe point of view. There is two directions.
Not only from our point of view but also from looking from inside a black hole outward towards the universe point of view too. Our belief time inside a black hole tells us time looking from the inside out towards the universe must be equally infinite How every the Planck constant tells us it should only be slowed down the value of the positive value as slow as our environment second.
We can see this if a Planck's constant is 0.00000000000000000000000000000000066260957. Meters, kilograms, and of a second or 66,260,957,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0000,000 meters, kilograms,( Planck mass ) and seconds. In metric tones, kilometres and years six zeros less. The age of the universe so far is only 14,000,000,000,000 ( six zeros a Billion ) years. In terms of centuries only 140,000. At lest double that years is only twenty four zeros let a lone the rest of the zeros in time.
If time is slowed down looking into a black hole from outside the universe looking from the inside to the universe time must be speed up the positive value of the Planck constant. Looking into a black hole from our universe point of view perception every second in there is a Planck constant in the positive value as slow as every second on earth. For every second seen inside a black hole is Planck constant in seconds on earth of time.
Mathematics challenges our mathematical instinct how many years if the Planck constant in the positive value in seconds? I'm sure anybody into challenging mathematics can convert into years. In other words from looking inside a black hole outwards towards the universe see's every second on earth in years as fast. Every second passes on earth we can convert to years even in centuries.
Mathematics will project several hundred thousand trillion centuries would pass on earth every second inside a black hole as slow or as fast depending which direction we observe the hole or universe. Several hundred trillion centuries may seem infinite but at the end of the day is no where near infinite.
Encountering a black hole light is captured in orbit where the velocity isn't high enough to escape the pull of the Planck mass. In other words absorbing a hundred percept of light. Or in another term caught in a endless loop. It is no longer a straight line. Since there will be no light escaping the singularity ends up looking the same colour as the back drop of space.
Orbiting light effectively hides it. In theory if light was a little faster may escape. But currently the maximum speed limit is bellow the clutches needed so remains in permanent orbit. Another possible scenario the particles of light ( Photons ) become so heavy the waveform energy is dampened to zero or at lets to bellow we can see them.
Meanwhile light from the universe travels in a straight line reaching our eyes we see with while we don't observe the endless circling or zero energy light round the singularity ending up the same colour as the back drop of space forming a black hole where the edge of the darkness is expressed as the event horizon. About a light second from this point of no return boundary is the last escape velocity boundary called the ergosphere.
When Germany was occupied fighting the British in the Battle of the Somme in World war one an off duty German field Gunner and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild ( shawtz child ) came across Einstein's general theory of relativity recently published by Annuals der funk science magazine. Catching his attention matter bends space Schwarzschild's curiosity was aroused wondering what the impact on the earth would be is gravity was strong enough to capture a hundred percept of light.
He turned to mathematics for help.
Mathematics calculates spheres from the centre to the edge called the radius. Armed with the radius of the earth and the speed of light he found a theoretical scenario the gravity needed would compress the current mass of the earth down to a size of a pea. For the sun about a 3cm radius he called a singularity. He sent his findings to Albert Einstein who was pleased with the calculations. Since then it has become known as the Schwarzschild radius Today Schwarzschild's singularities are the known as centre of black holes. The black void that extends millions of kilometres across hides the singularity.
During the next decade advances in quantum physicists showed evidence photons and the particles of the atom displayed a tendency of being two places at the same time. There was sufficient cause to believe particles in this part of the universe may be influenced by particles clear across the other side. Einstein supported by a couple of colleagues Boris Podolskv and Nathan Rosen thought this was ridiculous specially since nothing can go faster than light. Einstein personally thought was some kind of wild spooking action at a distance speculation. The trio were not impressed.
In 1935 the they teamed up to write a paper to discredit Quantum physics once and for all. In doing so they found it more or less inconclusive. But did came up with an interesting question what would happen if a pair of singularities meet. It was supposed if the dark regions of space was back to back the two tunnels in space would link forming a tunnel in space at each end of the dark regions.
In theory if we could observe the universes from the inside a looking outwards to the universe we may find we are blinded by the share brightness of the endlessly orbiting light. Reality can sometimes throw a curve ball on that thought though.
Lets assume operating on the principle the mass of a singularity bending space we can assume the deep well on a Planck scale. The Planck constant in the positive value in terms of Kilometres deep the diameter of the singularity wide. ( or converted to miles if you like ).
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