Atoms are no longer seen as the smallest piece of matter but themselves made up of entangled particles the makle matter.
To give you an idea how small atoms are let a lone the particles they are made of, think of the thickness of a typical news paper sheet. A typical school rulers measures the distance across them a micrometer ( or a micron ). It is decimal 0.000001 of a meter. The reciprocal tells us a 1,000,000 ( a million ) micrometers equals a meter that 1 micrometer is a millionth of a meter. In other words a 1,000,000 news paper sheets stacked on top of each other makes pile a meter high.
A toy magnifying glass shows the edges not smooth as we see with the naked eye but a hint of a fluffy edge. A microscope worth a lot of money will show the thickness magnified like a huge huge tangled mountain range kilometers wide. We would be observing the sheet made of molecules not atoms.
Atoms are several million times smaller than the powerful microscope can show a piece of matter. From a meter point of view decimal values on an atomic scale are a large a number as many as a 25 decimal number correspondingly from a micrometer point of view 10 and more. 0.0000001 of a micrometer is a huge particle. It is impossible to observe atoms because because us made up of atoms cannot be shrunk down to scale with out shrinking to scale the atoms we are made of.
At this tiny level atoms are not solid point particle spheres we imagine them to be but an atmosphere cloud of energy spheres racing round a central core of very large particles on alight speed scale. The outer cloud particles are called electrons and the millions of times larger inner particles are called protons and neutrons.
Mathematics says as there s no resistance in a vacuum light should be infinite. It doesn't go any faster than just under 300,000km/s. Despite no resistance it is at it's maximum momentum velocity. Light is finite. Like light so too, the Planck scale is a constant. It too is finite. A Planck value is 40 decimal 0's 6, 2, 6 of a meter or a 43 decimal value. From a micrometer point of view minus 6, 0's.
Time, length, mass, and energy at light speed is on a Planck scale. There should be no such thing as infinity. Time should be no slower than a Planck time. A Planck time would be slowed down to maximum of 6, 2, 6, 40, 0 second to one second on earth. No particle should be any shorter than a Planck length.
Not even the very center of a black hole ( called a singularity ) should be any smaller. The whole universe should be a Planck scale. According to the Planck scale the maximum mass of a singularity should be 6, 2, 6, 40, 0 solar masses or tones on the earth scale. It shouldn't be any heavier.
In 1984 three particle physicists discovered a chemical made up of the same hexagon and pentagon shape round a soccer ball. The spherical cadge like structure went a long way towards string theory. It tells us particles of the atom could well be this cages structure made of strings.
Out of all the electrons in the universe every one is an identical clone of each other. There is no difference. So too, the other sub atomic particles everything in the universe is made of right down to the strings that make the cadge spheres. The air we breath is made up of the same atomic stuff as a car door.
The study of the debris smashing the nucleus of the atom together close to light speed velocities in the vacuum rings of particle accelerators have uncovered what appears to extraordinary quantum mechanics magic behavior. For instance it is a belief particles of the atom occupy two places at once physics believing expanding the whole universe at the same time. To do this these physics have to believe can communicate other particles millions of light years distance in less than a second.
They seem to poses the extraordinary ability to disappear and reaper as by if magic. To us being on a Planck scale will seem that way tunneling the though an empty space of a vacuum. If we slowed down in time to a Planck second we may observe each particle move a Planck length. In other words a quantum leap, a Planck length in a Planck second. ( 40, decimal 0's 6, 2, 6 of a meter in 40, decimal 0's 6, 2, 6 second ). As a Planck scale is a constant light light speed will be the absolute fasted time they can travel same distance. It is finite not anything infinite.
If we take the reciprocal of a Planck length all the particles of the atom are quantum jumping 40 decimal 0's 6, 2, 6 of a meter 6, 2, 6 40, 0's per second every second every fixed place in the universe.
Electrons are identical clones of each we would never be a tell each one apart like trying to pick out a single basket ball from millions identical copies of each other. Every electron quantum jumping we would never be able to tell which one had tunneled where. Electrons are not in two places in the universe at at the same time only the whole universe is alive with this quantum jumping of electrons in fixed places that appear as the illusion of a action at a distance.
The whole universe is in this state of action this part of the universe as much as clear across the other side is, every cubic Planck length of it.
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