Black holes are the legendary odyssey of the universe we've all heard about. The dominant characteristic is gravity believed to be the gravitational remains of dead stars that was once thousands of times larger than our sun the center smaller than an atom but strong enough to capture all of la 100% of light.
The next time you visit a supermarket take hold in your hand a1kg food packet ( butter, cheese pack that sort of thing ) weighing in your hand. You can feel the effect of the earth's mass trying to pull the 1kg to the ground as if a invisible hand against the resistance you holding.
Using this as a reference is the force of the mass of the earth pulling on the body 9.8 Newton's. Let go from the top floor of a tall sky scrapper the earth's mass snatch's it to a meter in a second and stops accelerating to a meter per second constant velocity continuing straight down the side of the building impacting with the walk at full velocity. If we do the math's this pans out to 1kg 3.6kmph force impact.
The force of the mass was heaver on impact than if at rest distorting it as if in a heavier gravity. The extra weight dissipated though it to it's own rest mass. Impact with the ground like that testifies during free fall was was more massive.
But there is a limit. The earth's mass couldn't pull the mass all that height any faster. After the initial second it was dropped it was it was at it's maximum 3.6kmph speed limit. In other words acceleration was terminated to that constant velocity not by the earth, but itself what is expressed as it's inertia. As the free falling mass tells us resisting acceleration defining inertial mass.
Bearing in mind there is no resistance in a vacuum light is at it's maximum speed limit controlled by inertia weighing it down to a top speed of just under 300,000k/s. Not even black holes can accelerate light any faster. A common belief gravity slows light is testimony not a true constant because it can is also effected any atmosphere, gas, water, ice, glass panes to prisms. Thousands of children's library books on light describe the zigzag bending and reflection characteristics. Images in shop windows for example can be as much as a right angle to the actual scene.
The sold earth stops light dead in it's tracks like the moon does. It reverses direction in less than a second accelerating out of control back into space. The moon isn't shinning we only observe light reflecting off it's surface just as astronauts see the earth shinning from the surface of the moon. On earth the atmosphere slows it down bounces back picks up speed heading though the atmosphere Into open space were it accelerates to it's maximum speed limit where it doesn't travel any faster.
Most of us believe time stops at light speed and deep inside black holes. We'd think If we were to view the universe at a light speed point of view we would be traveling in parallel with light that appears be stationary while universe traveling at light speed.
Mathematics projects if we travel on the speed of light on the surface of earth, we would travel round the world about 7 times in a second. We would be 300,000 times faster than the environment second. The belief time stops at light speed we would observe the environment's time slowed down by 300,000 times because the second is stretched by 300,000 times. If we do the math's on this what we would observe of the second as long weekend to go round the world 7 times the would would see us zap it in a second.
Mathematics tells us the reciprocal of light speed is the 3 of 300,000 on the right of the same number of decimal places: 300,000th. Observing the universe at it's current velocity is 300,000 times faster than we would observe at light speed. The universe would appear 300,000 seconds to travel a distance 300,000km In other words at universe would appear to slow down to 3km/s. This value is a factor we would observe of the environment on earth. The reciprocal tells us the world observe us 30 microseconds ( 30 millionth of a second ) in a distance of 3km. Since light doesn't go any faster from light speed point of view the universe doesn't travel any slower than the reciprocal of light speed.
When we speed up to light speed to light speed time is slowed down. It can't go any slower because light speed is not going any faster. Time is not stopped because It is still moving 300,000km every long weekend slower fore the observer. Time only appears to be stopped in the illusion of going to slow to see moving when viewed at light speed.
If we do the math's on this we can see when we slow down from light speed we would be slowing back to down to sub light speed were we would observe light travel 300,000 times faster. In other words the slower we go the faster time goes. Time is actually faster at our current dimension than we would observe it at light speed.
If we do the math's light speed travels 300,000,000,00 meters per second we walk the same distance in the same time. If light is slowed down the distance to travel a meter will seem to take longer time to travel the distance.
Stars are the sources of light not reflecting it but manufacturing it just as our sun does every second. Light speed is the distance light travels in a second. Mathematics projects in the vast distance between us and the sun traveling a light second the sun is a little under 8 light minutes away from earth. The sunlight we see now is what the sun was 8 minutes ago every second or the light that leaves the sun every second in real time is day light 8 minutes in the future.
The universe is not an empty vacuum. It is a live vibrant sheet of waving particles generated from the stars spreading across the universe like a rough ocean. It's a sheet of electromagnetic radiation fanning out in every direction from every star. The light we see is only a tiny part of the invisible spectrum.
Classical physics tells every particle of visible sunlight ( Photons ) move to a maximum peak slow down to a stop reverse direction and re-accelerate the opposite peak repeating the cycle many-many times a second. Quantum physics tell us they disappear and reappear as if tunneling though space. The wavelengths range from a kilometer to 1,000,000,000,000's of times per second.
A tiny mass 1,000,000's,of times smaller than an atom called a singularity ( right in the very center of a black hole ) is heavy enough to capture a100% of all this radiation. We can't see the singularity because there is a zero reflection 1,000,000 of km's big sphere hiding it. As there is no reflection here either the black void of space hides that. The edge where light disappears is called the event horizon and the surrounding edge where light can still escape is called the ergosphere in turn the darkness of space hiding theses boundaries. The black sphere remains invisible where escape velocity may be a little higher than light speed.
Singularities exists in energy, length and time, on a Planck scale. A Planck scale is the unit of the smallest, and largest amount. Like the maximum speed limit of light, is another maximum constant 40 decimal zeros 626, in the minus value and the same number in the positive, a 43 number.
For a comparison a common school rule measures the thickness of a typical news paper sheet a micrometer (or better known as a micron wide ) only 6 decimal zeros and 1 of a meter. Take a way 6 zeros from 40 the decimal value of the thickness or a few more of a human hair or a few more of a cell.
According to our understanding of Isaac Newtown's interpretation of gravity the size of a body determines the attractive pull. Not to the tiny singularity it doesn't. Look how tiny it is yet it captures a 100% of radiation that enters it's gravitational filed. Albert Einstein's general theory projects the heavy weight mass of the would sink a deep sink well in space and according to the Planck constant on Planck scale.
Planck length tell us the radius ( from the center to the inside sphere edge and across flat 2 dimensional circles ) can never be any smaller. Taking any sphere ( a tennis ball for example we can represent to scale of a singularity ) rapping string round it cutting to length opening out to a straight line rolled into a circle equals a 2-dimensial representation of the same perimeter ( circumference ) of the sphere. Pi ( said as pie ) is a mathematical expression that tells us the dimensions of circles including spheres.
The straight line of the circumference goes across it, once twice, three times with a fraction left over about a 7th. Any 2 dollar calculator projects 1 dived 7 plus 3 giving a 7 decimal value accurate to three decimal places.3.142. Anyone can prove pi testing a string rapt round a tennis ball and a ruler checking the dimensions of the string.
Pi has a never ending decimal value .Mathematicians have been trying to find the end for centuries. Guinness book of records have recorded record braking feats of individuals reciting the decimal value off the top of their heads to a few thousand places.1 over 7 plus 3 will always be three decimal places accurate no matter how big or small the circle is. Pi Proves all straight lines are equal to the circumference of the circle they will form rolled into. Unrolled equals the some straight line.
The radius of singularity is half as short as it is across. The law of mathematics tells us when we want to multiply fractions we take away the decimal zeros and when we want to divide we add them respectively.
In the case of the singularity the diameter would be minus half the zeros of the Planck length in a straight line in this case 21. We can apply multiplying the Planck length in 2 decimal place value ( 6.26 ) by pi writing in the number of zeros for a total tune of a 21 decimal number. Using a scientific calculator we can enter 626 the pressing the exponent key ( EXP ) entering 21 times the pie value giving the circumference of the singularity.
According to Einstein's general theory the reciprocal should be how heavy a singularity weighs,( in terms of tonnage on the surface of earth equivalent ) simply relocating the 626 from the right of the zeros to left creating the positive value. In other words a 626 40 zero number the heaviest solar mass in the universe and yet look how tiny the singularity radius is. The beauty of a Planck scale there is no such thing as infinite. It is a finite constant in time, length, mass and energy, for everything including pi. Dispute the infinite decimal value will still only project the diameter from a straight line representing the circumference.
The vast area of blackness of a black hole is an extension of the reaches of the gravitational field hiding the singularity the outer edge where there is no return called the event horizon surrounded by an area of the minimum safe distance everything can escape called the ergosphere.
The idea of the ergosphere came about in the 1970's from some intense thought experimenting realizing there is an area near the event horizon where there must be where light ( or the cosmic radiation) can still escape. It has been of intense to cosmologies black holes holes emit radiation ever since.
The origin refers thoughts about topography relating to blackbody radiation relating to the speculation ofthe temperature of black holes.
The invisible heat loss of camp fires and fresh solidified lava in the dead of dark nights is the nearest description of black body radiation I can think of. The shimmering we see in broad daylight is only the heated air molecules. This heat loss is in the inferred range not the only radiation we can't see.
Visible light and color we see in our surroundings is only a tiny part of a huge spectrum meaning space is not an empty vacuum as we would suppose. It is a mass of particles that make it up radiating from all the stars in a single wave front expanding the whole universe in every second.
A classical physics interoperation tells us the particles accelerate to a peak, slow down and stop, reverse direction reaccelerate to maximum again slowing down to a stop to reverse direction again repeating an endless cycle as long as the distance of a kilometer to as short as well over trillions of times in a second.
Quantum physics interoperation is different. Atomic particles just jump in fixed steps in a Planck length every second. The reciprocal of the minus value is the number of times in a second. ( 40 decimal zeros 628 becomes 628, 40 zero number times per second.)
Electron microscopes worth a lot of money see things on a human body cell scale close up and personal. This is Nano technology, Nano- from the standard metric system for a thousand millionth of a meter which is only 9 decimal zeros and 1.Take away 6 zeros for a millimeter. Each human cell is made up of the molecules our bodies made of. The molecules in turn are made up of atoms. The masses ( how much they will weigh ) are a little under a few Picograms. Pico another standard metric system prefix for a billionth of a meter in length, kilogram in weight, seconds of time, and Joules in energy (12 decimal zeros and 1 ).
We can see the contrast if we do the math's on a Planck scale. 43 minus 12 equals 31 decimal zeros of a picometer. The reciprocal of Planck scale tells us 626 on the left of 40 zeros a 43 positive number. Like the light constant is value nothing in the universe can be a bigger number. The closest we are familiar with is a billion which is only 1 and 12 zeros by the British and Americans 9 . But some of us are familiar with numbers a few zeros more as much as 24. It is rear for 25 digit number let a lone 43.
Operating on the principle of a minus Planck second if multiplied by the same number the positive value results in 1 second. Applied to time, mass energy and length is a Planck scale one positive value and the other negative value a reciprocal of each other.
The idea represents the radius of the singularity on a minus Planck scale value the mass would no heavier in the positive value say in solar masses for example. The universe we view at sub light speed would be no slower than the positive value to move the same distance we view in a second.
If we accelerate to a high speed on the earth's surface we soon know about it. We feel a force weighing us down Einstein described as a gravitational equivalence we call a G-force theses days. It's telling us Isaac Newton's law of force and motion "where there is a force ( in the acceleration ) there is an equal and opposite force" in this case pulling us back property the property of mass in motion expressed as the inertia of acceleration.
Einstein said as velocity increases mass becomes infinite at light speed. Sounds familiar to most of us believing in the pressure deep inside black holes. But as light speed has a terminal velocity everything else from length to time is equally terminated to a Planck scale constant. This means inside a black hole. We can say the radius of a singularity a Planck length the gravitation force in a inward crushing pressure on the same scale only mass in the positive value of the singularity itself.
Considering a mass at the positive value of the Planck constant the G-force property of light speed would be way-way beyond anybody could handle. World war 2 dive bombers risked black outs from the stress of vertical 3 or 4 100mph dive bombing G-force runs.
The weight of a table tennis ping pong ball rest on the surface of earth if accelerated to light speed in a vacuum for example would weigh as much as a supper tanker in less than a second. Under the pressure of 10,000,080,000,000kmph it would be so heavy it folds in on itself crushed and pulverized into a perfect sphere to the size of a atom.
What's more the heat we feel in bicycle pump pumping up a tire is not from friction. It's from the tire pressure. Pressure generates heat. We don't need friction to generate a huge amount. The heat generated in a vacuum of particle accelerators come close to a Planck constant in the positive scale that would melt sold 1 tone steel balls to an atom in less than a second.
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