There are those who believe black holes spinning at the speed of light has enough centrifugal force to open it into a ring space ships can safely travel tough gateways to other universes or the other side of this universe faster than light.
Light speed has always been the key ingredient to time travel as much as gateways to other universes. If we do the math's on this, the stress ( G's know as G-forces ) at that high velocity amounts to ten thousand and eighty million kmph, ( or six hundred and sixty nine million, six hundred thousand miles an hour if you like ) in a straight line projectary A spinning black hole at light speed is a motion moving the same distance as a straight line in an endless loop in a second.
Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity is the key to what happens at light speed velocities in straight lines. Tantalizing clues are found if the straight line travel is endlessly lopped. The one thing we know for sure light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers ( or a hundred and eighty thousand miles if you like ) we can all be pretty good at measuring.
If we observe a couple of strides the time we say "One thousand and one." we'd measured the distance of a meter in a second. By that time light ( taken in the zero resistance of space or any vacuum ) had traveled just under the latter distance ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles if you like) the distance light travels in the same second we walk a meter. In other words a meter per second velocity is a light second in every second. If we do the math's on this equivalent to three point six kilometers per hour walking velocity light travels the latter kilometers the same amount of time..
The standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer. If we do the arithmetic right our mathematical instinct agrees light travels three million meters by the time we walk one meter. We don't have to be Einstein's to agree is three million meters to one meter in the same amount of time ratio.
Operating on the principle believing time slows down at light speed three hundred thousand kilometers per second velocity would observe the universe take up to three hundred thousand seconds to travel the same distance. Our math's instinct agrees in other words three kilometers per second velocity, from our point of view light travels the same distance in a second. If we do the math's three hundred thousand seconds is equivalent to just under a long weekend. In other words from a light speed's point of view the universe travels three hundred thousand kilometers per a long weekend.
Einstein was the first person to predict what NASA's been using for the past sixty years training astronauts the weightlessness of space. When a plane noses dives fast enough the trainees inside the fuselage lift off the floor frolicking about in weightless fun. The earth's gravity is effectively canceled by the falling velocity. If fast enough they will be squashed into the roof. The earth's gravity is effectively changed. We see this in revolving space station wheels in science fiction movies.
Einstein predicted the opposite is true. If a plane climbs fast enough the earth gravity would equally be cancelled and if fast enough squash astronauts to the floor. Again the earth's gravity inside the fuselage is changed from the climbing velocity. In other words a body fast enough become a an antigravity device like Rolla Casters. We all experience the weight of a couple of kilograms pulling us back into our seats when accelerating. At their maximum speed limits the pull back weight dismisses to a constant during constant velocity.
We experience the same weight when we hit those tight bends and twist at their maximum speeds with out slowing down. The straight line velocity tries to take the car straight ahead. The bends and twists force it to change direction throughout whole maneuver. It's what makes Rolla coasters fun for a lot of people
Einstein was the first person to predict the weight of high velocity equivalent to a gravitational force we express today as "G-force" "counter thrust" or commonly "G's" In other words if a velocity is fast enough the G's distort the body with weight. He was the first person to realize the distortion compress inward on the moving body in the direction it is moving. Operating on the principle Imagine a Rolla Coaster accelerates a distance of hundred and sixty kilometers ( or a hundred miles if you like ) in a second. If we do the math's on this equates to a three thousand four hundred knmph take off in a second.
If we do the arithmetic on light speed considering it travels three hundred thousand kilometers per second pans out to ten a thousand and eighty million kmph take off in a second. Imagine the G's at that acceleration. Light would travel the latter distance by the time a one hour TV program.
Einstein discovered if you multiply light speed by itself then multiplied by the weigh of some matter ( or expressed as mass because of the earth's gravity exerted on the mass of a body in kilograms ) consistently projected the energy at light speed in this case Joules. In other words Joules equals kilograms times light speed squared, or more commonly E equals m c spared. The C stands in for the fact light speed is a constant. Einstein's equation shows a milligram of matter is more than enough to rival a nuclear bomb .All it takes is a milligram of properly processed uranium to produce several tens of kilotons of nuclear yelled.
In other words Einstein was predicting G's at light speed would produce that amount of energy. After all if we do the math's on this it's only a matter of G's at ten thousand and eighty million kilometers per hour velocity. The G's compress matter space and time rivaling that of the gravitational fields of black holes. Not only that compression produces heat that's why it will so hot at light speed in a vacuum. In fact the G's would be enough stress to rival the temperature of the surface of the sun.
In the second year of world war one Einstein was inspired to re-write the 1905 theory involving the distortion of a velocity today expressed as the General theory. In effect Einstein was saying the earth's gravity is nothing more the weight of it's mass distorting space no doubt coupled by the fact it's velocity as well. If the weight of a straight line velocity distorts then how would it behave like the earth constantly curving round the sun at such a velocity?
According to theory the velocity of the earth is not fast enough to pull itself into a straight line from the sun's gravity but fast enough momentum not to be pulled directly into it. Einstein realized the matter of stars and planets bend space. In reality shrinks it round entire circumferences. The bigger the planet ( or star ) the bigger the mass the more space is pulled in entombed by it. The one exception is black hole gravity. Right in the center is a mass of pure gravity a volume smaller than a particle of a atom called a singularity. It has enough pull light is not fast enough to escape. In theory any velocity beyond light might be able to, but certainly not light.
In a spinning disc the velocity is curved in a endless loop the weigh of the velocity constantly changing direction throughout the loop creating a constant force in attempting a straight line motion. We can observe the velocity of the spin with a straight radius from the center to the edge. The end of the radius at the edge of the disc measures three hundred and sixty degrees angles in an amount of time from a second to many millions a second using a revolution per second as a model.
The radius marks the point the circumference in an endlessly rotating three hundred and sixty degrees. If we open out the circumference to a straight line the equivalent to the same straight line distance endlessly repeating every second. The frequency of a second every division is the reciprocal of three hundred and sixty three, three hundred and sixtieth second the radius moves every division. If the revolution increased the circle is spinning faster. When it gets to a point of many times per second the G's builds up. Of course this depends on the length of the circumference of the circle.
If we take light in an endless loop at light speed would have to be a three hundred thousand kilometer circumference. It is the maximum distance of the circumference and speed it could circle every second. The frequency can't go any faster. The circling speed is taped out assuming a flat circle. Space is not flat because of a three dimension depth where no such thing as up or down only left and right away from us and away behind us in every possible direction into infinities. No matter witch direction we turn there is always infinity towards and away behind us. This means the boundaries of the a singularity and the subsequent event horizon should be seen as spherical in nature. So what would be the imprecations of a spinning sphere?
If we measure a piece of string round the rim of a glass we are measuring a flat single dimension circle. If open to a straight line and take a measurement with a straight ruler we are measuring the circumference of the circle of the glass. We can apply the same with a sphere such as a ball. All straight lines are a reflection of circles and circumferences of spheres because we can roll them into circles and circumference. A reference point on a spinning circle is a reflection of a straight line traveling a set distance in an endless loop. The bigger the circle the more distance it has and vice versa the the less distance.
If we draw a couple of flat circles inside each other on pepper we can see the implications of the distances each circle travels. The circles show each one has a distance to travel round to complete a single rotation. We can't imagine any marry go rounds traveling so fast enough to allow throwing everybody off. But that's what would happen. Never the less, the center can demonstrate a person can easily have safe refuge because the G's would be concentrated in the distance the edge is traveling round. The person will experience minimal if not no G's at all. It illustrates how there is no G's in the center of a spinning circle.
In the case of spheres it is a line drawn round the outside of a glass sphere effectively cutting it in half no matter what angle we view it. We can drew another one that make a cross on the clear glass ball. No matter which angle we rotate it the lines are dividing the share in half and quarters. If we draw in three hundred and sixty we would cover our bases for every angle. Things are completed if we are to cover our bases with with every angle for the straight line of the radius ( from the center to the edge ) inside the clear sphere.
Anybody who knows the geometry of circles well will be familiar with what is called ( pie ) pi. that can be applied calculate the circle of circling motion Bear in mind black hole are spheres of pure gravity at the very center smaller than a particle of the atom weighing well over trillions of times stronger than the gravitational pull ( mass ) of our sun.
If we review the geometry try this experiment. Cut a piece of string round a ball, cut to size and open the string to a straight line. Measuring the length of the string equals the circumference of the ball showing the curved circumference curved equal the same length when the string is opened out to a straight line. In other words straight lines are an reflection of the circumference of all spheres.
If we measure a piece of string round a can ( a cylinder ) cut to size opening to a straight line we measuring across the can, we can dived divisions on the string with a felt tip pen and roll back into the circle will automatically measure each division in the circle.
We can measure the circumference any sphere rolled into a circle will go across it the same circle, once, twice three times with a little bit more left over about about a seventh. A pen and paper or any two dollar calculator will show pi equals one divide seven add three. ( 3.142857 respectively ) accurate to only to three decimal places called pi ( pie )
Calculators tell us the decimal value as far as the screen allows means the decimal value is never ending. Mathematicians have been trying to find the end of the value for centuries. You'll find Gunnies book of record entries of individuals who have recited pi to thousands of decimal places off the top of their heads. In our case case we normally round off to one dived Seven plus three value. Straight line strings rolled into circles represent straight line circumference as guides.
Using the law of mathematics we can apply to any straight line when rolled into a
circle divided by pi Rechecking the diameter of a can will agree across a sphere of the
same circumference. Circle diameters
equals straight lines over pi
We can use the law of mathematics from another angle to determine the straight line of a circumference
opened to a straight line. Straight lines equals diameter times pi We can look at another angle were pi times the diameter
Like clock arms from the center to the edge of the circle is a radius. Spheres are no
different when from the center to the inside edge
Light is not a line. It is a single spread sheet of the entire universe every second. gravity displaces light as it passé across the universe. We view form a straight line perspective. We see evidence of light bent observing in zig-zag out of shape straws in glass jars. In the same way light is bent by gravity. The smooth curve we observe is extremely fin zig-zags we can't see with our eyes.
We can not only apply all the pi formulae to measure the radius of a sphere but also the entire sum of the spinning sphere measuring the full revolution though time as we do with earth in a 24 hour period in this case the volume of a black hole on alight speed scale.
Knowing the length of a radius the diameter can be found by doubling the length times pi giving the circumference of the circle and correspondingly a circumference of the sphere.
Quantum Physics tells us the radius in the center of a black hole ( the singularity ) cannot be any shorter than a Planck constant. A Planck constant, a number with a zero point thirty nine zeros on the right of six two eight, a total of a forty three decimal number figuratively speaking expressed as six point two six times ten to the minus forty third power. Mathematics says the reciprocal is the same number of zeros on the left of the same numbers making it a forty three digit number in the positive direction. The tiny size is smaller than the smallest particle of the atom where atoms no longer exist.
If the Planck constant is anything to go by the singularity would be equivalent to a ball of pure compressed gravity the volume of the Planck constant weighing in at an equivalent of a Planck constant in the positive kilotons heavy scale.
Singularities are believed to be born from only massive stars going supernovae. Earth size want cut it, far to small. It is believed a minimum of three to four times as large to create a singularity.
What we see of singularities is the mere effects of hundreds of thousands of km across disc the same color as space. We can only observe these black voids when it crosses the path of light. Astronomers have observed several flicker events indicating the presence of a roaming singularity. The edges of the same color of space huge disc is where light disappears called the event horizon. Since they are the same color as space singularities are effectively hidden by space. The closest we can come is the effects of light registered at the edge of the event horizon.
The event horizon area are not flat like text book or internet page illustrations but a three dimensional spheres. In terms of measurement any string round a any sphere measures the circumference. The string is effectively a circle. Mathematics divides circles into three hundred and sixty divisions. Taking a typical school protractor we can string the circle and opened out to a straight line.
If the string was marked with the protector divisions will align automatically every division in the straight line perfectly we can plot the circle of the protractor in a straight line. Of course when the straight line is rolled into the circle of the protractor is the same divisions in the straight line will perfectly align every division round the circumference of the protractor. The same string will fit round the the circumference of the sphere the same circumference of the protractor
The diameter of any sphere is a measurement from inside edge to to edge. We can clearly see this with a line edge to edge inside a class ball. Dividing in half will give the radius. In other words right dead center inside the sphere to the edge. If we can can swivel this straight line inside a class sphere shows us the job of the radius to measure the possible three hundred and sixty degree angles inside the sphere. As far as a singularity is concerned it will be enviably be six point two eight times ten to the forty three meters long.
If we do the math's on this equal to six point two six times ten to the minus forty one centimeters, or six point two six times ten to the minus forty millimeters respectively. A millimeter is just over a news paper sheet thickness. We can even give ten to the minus thirty seven micrometers.. Nano the size of our body cells ten to the minus thirty seven nanometer and so on.
If the Planck constant and pi calculating the volume of the singularity is anything to go by defines the whole geometry of black holes. There is a impasse with name of a hundred and one digit number, one and a hundred zeros ( ten to the power of a hundred ) Goggle. The reciprocal is ten to the minus hundred that is, one divided by ten a hundred times. The Planck constant is supposed to be the smallest value of the universe. It defines the radius and if think in terms the singularity as a sphere of compressed gravity we can including pi we can work out the details. If nothing can be any smaller than a Planck constant goggle can't compete let a lone infinite, Another simple fact.
Text books tell us nothing can go faster than light, yet when it comes to wormhole travel and gravity this idea is often amended. One of the classic examples of faster than light is the sun's gravity capturing Pluto in orbit in real time. The distance is way, way beyond three hundred thousand kilometers. If gravity is not faster than light then capturing Pluto in orbit in real time from such a vast distance perhaps we should amend nothing can exceed light speed except gravity.
It is believed if a black hole spins at the speed of light there will be enough centrifugal force to open a aperture forming a ring a wormhole forms providing an entrance for space ships can safely enter exiting the other end into another universe. Although seems a logical assumption there are laws of circular motion and incredible counteracting G forces at work to pull it off that tell us it is not as simple as that.
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