Atoms

Atoms we and everything else in the universe are made of are no longer seen as the smallest piece of matter. In the last thirty years are seen as made up of particles. To give you an idea how tiny atoms are think of the thickness of a typical news paper sheet ( Any piece of paper in fact }.

A typical school ruler will measure it smaller than a millimeter in fact a few a micrometers ( or commandingly known as a few microns ). A micron is a tenth of a millimeter. In terms of a meter decimal 0.000001. The reciprocal tells us the same number of zeros only the 1 on the left of the 0's  a  million the reciprocal a millionth telling us a  million micrometers equals a meter. In theory close to a million news paper sheets stacked on top of each other would measure a meter high.

A toy magnifying glass shows the edges not smooth as we observe with the naked eye but a hint of a fluffy edge. A microscope worth a lot of money will show magnified hundreds of times  looking like huge tangled mountain range kilometers wide. We are observing our body cell size. This mountain range is only the molecules in nano a thousand millionth of a meter nine decimal 0's and 1 size. The reciprocal is the same number in the positive value a thousand million nano's in a meter.

Such large numbers are expressed in exponents. For example a thousand is 1 multiplied by ten three times giving a total of a four decimal number 1 and three 0's expressing a thousand expressed as times ten to the power of three. It is written in short hand which can be any number besides 1. We are multiplying one by ten three times. If we do our arithmetic on this tells us the reciprocal is equally divided by ten three times giving us a thousandth, giving us equally four decimal number in this case three with a little minus sign just to the left of  little razed three. In fact if you take ten to the three and add a minus sign the same number becomes a thousandth. If you remove the sign the same number becomes a thousand.

The cells of our body are made up of the elements of the earth yet no where near the size of atoms only several million times larger than atoms powerful microscopes can show of a piece of matter. From a meter point of view decimal values on this scale are as large as a twenty five numbers long. It is equal to a  millimeter divided by ten twenty one times ( times ten to the minus twenty one of a millimeter or eighteen times of a micrometer respectively.

The next smallest step is the molecules of every element beyond ten to ten minus eighteen of a millimeter. Of all the water molecules of the oceans of the world including our fresh drinking water every molecule is made up of a single hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms totaling about ten to the minus twenty five of a millimeter tiny. The metabolism of every cell in our bodies is processing the molecules in our daily lives. Smaller than a molecule our body becomes a pile of the elements we are made of. If the elements left is view any closer every element becomes the atoms of the universe is made the same atoms stars are made of.

At this tiny level atoms are not solid point particle spheres we imagine them to be but an atmosphere of energy spheres racing round a central core of very large particles orbiting and spinning like planets orbiting a star in this case on a light speed scale. The atmospheres are made up of electrons and the millions of times larger inner particles called protons and neutrons.

The standard model of the atom is seen as a cloud of particles called electrons. Think of dozens of ball bearings orbiting on a light speed scale round a couple of central core ( Nucleus ) particles. These central particles  are called protons and neutrons. The two central particles are jammed together with a force rivaling the gravitational pull of a black hole expressed as the nuclear force. The total diameter of the electron orbit cloud is no larger than ten to the minus twenty five of a millimeter or equivalent to ten to the minus thirty one of a meter. The electrons are tiny compared to the core particles. The space between the electrons and protons is as vast as the space between the distances of the planets of our solar system.

The orbiting electrons are believed to be made up of particles called takceons and neutrinos while the core particles made up several particles ranging from several different verities of Quarks, to bosons. All these particles make up atoms of the elements that make up the molecules of the cells of our body that make up the organs that make up our bodies.

Mathematics says there should be no resistance in a vacuum where light should be able to travel freely at an infinite velocity. Despite this it doesn't go any faster than just under 300,000km per second. ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles per second if you like ) If we do our  arithmetic tells us if we view the universe at light speed it should look slowed down traveling the distance of 300,000km in 300,000 seconds instead of one second. If we do the math's on this the universe travels at three thousand kilometers per second about equivalent to a long weekend to travel the same distance we view light travel a second. The reciprocal predicts light travels a kilometer in three hundredth second'

If we do the arithmetic on this equivalent to ten thousand and eighty million kilometers per hour. Despite no resistance it is at it's maximum momentum of light. This makes light finite. Like light a tiny finite unit called a Planck constant forty decimal  0's  six, two, six,  of a meter totaling a forty three decimal number or on a millimeter scale six, point  two, six times ten to the minus thirty five of a millimeter.

It is believed the Planck constant is the smallest amount of time, length, mass, and energy in the universe. Both light speed and Planck constants tells us there should be no infinities.

Not even the very center of a black hole ( called a singularity ) should be any smaller. The whole universe should be a Planck scale. According to the Planck scale the maximum mass of a singularity should be 6, 2, 6,  40,  0 solar masses or tones on the earth scale. It shouldn't be any heavier.

According to classical physics the particles tend to move back and forth in the case of a light speed scale. They accelerate to a peak decelerating to a stop reaccelerating back the opposite direction to a stop to reaccelerate back the opposite direction repeating the cycle.

The frequency constitutes to the what is known as an electromagnetic radiation in the universe ranging in wavelength's as long as a kilometer to as short as thousands of times across the width of a human hair. A big confusion about atomic particles they often do things waves cannot do and do things particles cannot do. This has questioned if particles are what they are or waves. The only solution was to guess they could be both characteristic.

In 1984 three particle physicists discovered a chemical made up of the same hexagon  and pentagon shape round a soccer ball. The spherical  cadge like structure went a long way towards string theory. It tells us particles of the atom could well be this cages structure made of strings.

Out of all the electrons in the universe every one is an identical clone of each other. There is no difference. So too, the other sub atomic particles everything in the universe is made of right down to the strings that make the cadge spheres. The air we breath is made up of the same atomic stuff as a car door.

The study of the debris smashing the nucleus of the atom together close to light speed velocities in the vacuum rings of particle accelerators have uncovered what appears to extraordinary quantum mechanics magic behavior. For instance it is a belief particles of the atom occupy two places at once physics believing expanding the whole universe at the same time. To do this these physics have to believe can communicate other particles millions of light years distance in less than a second.

They seem to poses the extraordinary ability to disappear and reaper as by if magic. To us being on a Planck scale will seem that way tunneling the though an empty space of a vacuum. If we slowed down in time to a Planck second we may observe each particle move a Planck length. In other words a quantum leap, a Planck length in a Planck second. ( 40, decimal  0's  6, 2, 6 of a meter in 40,  decimal  0's  6, 2, 6 second ). As a Planck scale is a constant light light speed will be the absolute fasted time they can travel same distance. It is finite not anything infinite.

If we take the reciprocal of a Planck length all the particles of the atom are quantum jumping 40 decimal 0's  6, 2, 6  of a meter  6, 2, 6  40,  0's  per second every second every fixed place in the universe.

Electrons are identical clones of each we would never be a tell each one apart like trying to pick out a single basket ball from millions identical copies of each other. Every electron quantum jumping we would never be able to tell which one had tunneled where. Electrons are not in two places in the universe at at the same time only the whole universe is alive with this quantum jumping of electrons in fixed places that appear as the illusion of a action at a distance.

The whole universe is in this state of action this part of the universe as much as clear across the other side is, every cubic Planck length of it.

When you understand the the week and strong forces of the one can advance the knowledge of electronics The basic electrical law like magnets like repel and unlike tract is the key to how a electric current flows. For example2 north seeking or south seeking poles of a magnet repel each other because they are likes. So too electrons repel electrons. repel each because they are likes.

North and south seeking poles of magnets attract each other because they are unlike. So too, Protons in the core of atoms are unlike electrons in the opposite electrical charge where electrons are attracted to the core.

The opposite electrical charges electrons are negative while the protons positive. In the week for the outer electron orbits are attracted way by a domineeringly positive force creating a lack of electrons where the atoms become some what domineering positive.  The equal amount of lack of electron orbits is crowed on to neutral atoms where these atoms are some what domineeringly negative. These can exist as a static force

Common touch cells and batteries identifies each terminal with a plus sign for positive ( + ) and a minus sign for negative ( - ). Each torch cell ( or battery ) is alive with this force at each terminal called Voltage that does not flow. The flow of current when an excess electrons in a nearest negative voltage see's a close proximity of a positive voltage attracted away and repelling themselves in one steady direct direction known as a direct current.

An alternating current is the result of alternating North and south magnetic fields from a spinning magnet in a coil winding or a coil winding spinning in a magnetic field. It doesn't matter which way it's still a alternating north and south seeking poles each one magnetizing each turn inducing a corresponding live and static alternating voltage opposite voltages each end of the winding.

An open live mains cable the two opposing voltages are alternating 60 times a second in the pair of live wires. Connected to a appliance the electron current flow alternates back and forth 60 times per second each peak doing work. Thus the like repel and unlike attract is the heart of electronics like your computer for example.

The strong force is in the nucleus. This is where only colliding the nucleus close to light speed can separate the neutrons from the protons like tiny magnetic that need a few trillion  tones of pull to pull apart. The nucleus is very stable under normal circumstances.

A study of the periodic table of the number of protons, neutrons including the number of electrons and electron orbits of the elements are a example of stable nuclei. There are many children's science and technology books on nuclear physics that go into more detail.

The periodic table of the elements exist because of the random nature of the electron quantum jumping properties since the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe. The table tells us each element is has a set number of electrons in a set number of orbits, assigned a number of  of protons and neutrons. It is school boy knowledge a water atom is a hydrogen  atom entangled with 2 oxygen atoms.