Since Isaac Newton's gravity astronomers had been paying closer attention to orbiting curiosities in the heavens. Newton's theories told them an orbiting body is a sign a mass must be present. But astronomers couldn't find it, at lest not visually anyway. It was theorized it was possible a star so huge had enough gravity to absorb a 100% of light explaining the apparent illusion of no apparent mass present. In other words a mass big enough to be invisible orbiting bodies round it.
By 1905 a German science magazine Annuals Der Funk publish Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. It wasn't known as the special until a second part published in the second year of the first world war. It mirrored Isaac Newton's first law of motion that says "Where there is a force there is an equal and opposite force opposing it." the kick back of artillery guns comes to mind. Gun barrels react kicked backwards as they lob shells in the forward direction. We don't have be Einstein's to understand a 0 to 160kmph ( 100mph ) in a second or imagine the distance in a second would be like to the shell.
When we are a passenger in a Rolla coaster we experience several kilograms of weight pulling us back into our seats we express today as G's ( G-force ). In other words known as our inertia the second law of Newton's law that says "bodies tend to resist acceleration " The faster anything is accelerated the more G's experienced.
For the special theory to exist at all Einstein must had wondered what the G's would be like on a light speed scale. Obviously to us we can imagine the pressure traveling at light speed must distort space explaining the the increses of mass at such a velocity.
Light travels just under 300,000km/s. In other words in terms of 0 to light speed in a second there must be a horrific amount of G"s. To put it in perspective think of stationary to a distance of 300,000km by the time we say "One thousand and one"
Mathematics tells us since there is there is no resistance in a vacuum light should have no speed limit. But a distance of 300,000km in a second is the maximum speed limit it can travel. This means light must always be ahead of us 300,000km every second no matter how fast we go including if we travel at light speed itself. Light being always 300,000k ahead of every second we can not hope to catch up with light speed unless we change the distance light travels in a second such as 0km per second.
By the time Germany was occupied fighting the British in the Battle of the Somme ( 1916 ) of the great war a German field Gunner and astronomer Karl Schwarzschild (sh war zs child) came across Albert Einstein's second theory of relativity. In it was the gravitational notion mass weighs space collapsing it round the circumference of a body distorting space where light would follow the curved path towards it, key to the general theory.
Think a apple as a planet and space as a news paper sheet. The apples wraps the news paper round it Armed with Albert Einstein's latest paper predicting matter bends space Schwarzchirld curiosity was aroused wondering how heavy it would have to be for a body with enough mass to capture a100% of light.
Turning to math's he discovered gravity strong enough would collapse the size of the earth to the size of a pea (A centimeter). For this to work with the sun right down to 3cm. He posted his findings to Einstein who was pleased someone was on the same wavelength.
This has become known as the Shrazchird radius ( the center of a sphere to the edge ).It was a reference of the center of dark stars ( we call black holes today ) called a singularity. The big black void is a sphere of the resulting extended field hiding it. The edge is the point where it captures a 100% of light called the event horizon and Just at the edge where light can still escape is called the egopsphere.
By the time the 1930's a growing science called Quantum Physics was proposing an alarming warped sense of physical reaction of the atom. By 1933 Einstein and a fallow physics Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolisky were familiar with the updates of the latest theories. Albert Einstein's own theory of relativity predicts photons are particles of light that Quantum physics physicists claim on a quantum level are two places at the same time that will influence each other virtually at unlimited distances apart.
To the EPR trio meant this action was way-way beyond light speed. It as as if the strange notion of the action of stars several million light years away from earth have an immediate real time effect here on earth.
Einstein Podilosky and Rosen's plan was to pull their weight ganging to together to settle the absurd nature of this claim once and for all. Even today using Einstein's gravity creating an infinitely deep well in space was a rather dubious distortion of his general theory. As the theory goes it only says the mass of bodies shrink space collapsing it round their circumference that must also be distorting space round it in doing so. The pressure of the collapse space round a body is Einstein's legacy.
The trio proposed if a star was heavy enough to absorb a 100% of light clear then clear across the other side of the universe another dark star sinks a deep well in space. only. We don't have to be Einstein's to figure two deep wells of from a couple of black holes could link together forming a bridge across the universe. This same idea become known as the legendary wormhole or better known as the Einstein. Podliski Rosen bridge theory. In other words, if we think of Einstein's general relativity telling us back to back dark stars we express as black holes today sinking deep wells in space could quite possibly link together like a pair kitchen funnels.
Our point of view there is only one-way and no other. Think of the point of view the end that has opened out in the other universe. From the that universes point of view the black hole from our world is an output not an input. But the hole should only be an input point of view. Relativity tells both universes are parallels each other.
According to Isaac Newton's gravity the combined mass of each universe should pull opposite directions of one another in a tug of war pulling the link apart a part. Never the less the resulting theory become known as the Einstein, Podolvsk, Rosen bridge. In other words a wormhole though the dimensions of space.
Another proposal has emerged if a black hole spins on a light speed scale. We immediately think of the potential centrifugal force forcing it into a ring. The law of circular monition tells us a different story. A spinning pin in the center of a circling circle does not travel in a circle while the outer edge travels in a circle. It just spins. There should be no centrifugal force acting on the pin while all the force concentrated in the maximum travel distance.
Pi ( pie ) is a handy mathematical formula for calculating the dimensions of a sphere. Pi is one of these mathematical formula that has fascinated mathematicians for centuries.
If we take a sphere ( A base ball for example ) and rap a piece of string round it and cut to length we can open it to a straight line. The same straight line is still the circumference of the sphere. We can say all straight lines is a by product of the circumference of all spheres because when roll into circles the same circumference as a sphere of that size of circle. Mathematics can't lie know.
The same circle opened out to a straight line will go across the same circle, once, twice, three times and a little bit more about a seventh. This seventh is 1 divided by 7 accurate to only 3 decimal places. If we add 3 gives us the pi value ( 3.142 respectively ).
Mathematicians have been trying to find the end of the decimal value for centuries. This is because it appears to have no end. You can check the Genus book of records where you will find record breaking feats of memory reciting the decimal value to thousands of decimal places.
Operating on the principle can calculate the circumference, and diameters ( across ) stars and planets including singularities because they are collapsed spheres. The tiny size of singularities contradicts Newtonian gravity law the bigger the mass the more powerful the gravitational force. On the contrary the supper force of a black hole due to the singularity. The radius ( from the center of a sphere to the edge ) is Planck length.
A Planck length is 40 decimal 0's, ( on the left of ) 6, 2, 6 of a meter.( Or a 43 decimal number). Only a mere 6 decimal 0's,and 1 of a meter where a common school ruler measuring the thickness of a human hair shows less than a micron (or micrometer ) equal to 40 minus 6, equals 34 decimal 0's, 6, 2, 6 ( or 37 decimal number ) of a micrometer. The Planck length is proved to be a constant. Unlike pi It's finite like light light speed. There is is nothing infinite about both constants. This means we can multiply the Planck constant by pi giving us the circumference of a singularity.
The Planck constant also represent time called a Planck second. The reciprocal ( the same number of 0's on the right of the same 6, 2, 6 representing the positive value ) mass, and energy. It tells us the same Planck second in the positive value equals the the number of Planck seconds in a second. The minus value is only a representation of a second divided by a Planck second.
As this is a constant the singularity is a finite thus the whole of a black hole. The total diameter of the singularity is not any smaller than pi times the minis Planck constant. The mass of the singularity is the same constant in the positive value in solar masses heavy. ( The mass of the sun is used as a reference of one solar mass ). The positive value tells us the strength of the gravitational compression squeezing pressure. The finite value tells us if anything equal or more strong enough will not be crushed to oblivion inside black holes.
The Planck scale tells us black holes are not infinite cosmic bodies but finite. According to the Planck scale The singularity cannot be any smaller than a Planck constant and heavier than the same constant in the positive value. The Planck scale tells us should be the limit of black holes.
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