A hint in a letter Einstein wrote to his cousin Elsa he wasn't satisfied with his theory of reality. He told her he couldn't find time to write because he was too occupied on truly great things. He told Elsa he'd racked his brain day and night in a effort to penetrate more deeply into the fundamental problems of physicist. Obviously there was nagging idea his theory was incomplete. It was based on motion on a light speed scale theme assuming the velocity at a constant speed completely ignoring variable conditions like in a gravitational field, traveling though water, glass and prisms. (Diffraction) making a special theory.
More importantly it was the variable motion that was missing, slowing down and speeding up slowing down again speeding up again, not to mention change of directions, left, right, up, down, twisting, turning and looping like Rolla Coasters do in their high velocities. lecturing in Kyoto university in Japan 15 years latter he described the breakthrough. In his own words.........
"I was sitting at my chair in patent office in Bern one day. Suddenly a though struck me. If a man falls freely he would not feel his weight. I was taken aback. The simple thought experiment made a deep impression on me. This lead me to the theory of gravity" In other words the theme of the general theory. Isaac Newton described gravity has a pulling force at a distance the unit named after him in honor.
For example when you lift your computer the earth's gravity is pulling on you and your computer you feel as a weight. I like to think of a reference to an object weighing exactly a kilogram falling freely down the side of a tall sky scraper traveling straight down to the street street bellow to understand the general relativity principles. There is a few features of the force on impact to consider of course, but it's the physics of the free fall that is the key to understanding of the General theory.
If we let it drop from the roof, the earth's gravity snatches it to a meter in a second. Then it stops accelerating to a constant meter per second velocity straight down to the street. If we do the math's on this equals a 3.6kmph motion I like to think of as a maximum momentum speed limit gravity cannot exceed. The force of the earth gravity working on the mass pulling it to the ground is expressed as 9.8 Newton's.
It is a constant that doesn't change no matter the mass. On impact with the street where the force of motion is most obvious. The momentum dissipates though the mass in a second to it's original rest mass doing quite considerable damage. It is as if the 1kg mass had gained weight in the first second of the fall. On impact with the ground as if a heavier gravity than earth for a second. In other words it had to be heavier during the fall than at rest. In other words people experience the travel to the ground relative ill impact with the ground. I like to believe it was Einstein's link that motion has a gravitational equivalence what we express as a G-force property that effects space and time on a light speed scale the missing piece Einstein was looking for.
We can understand the concept when we think of how NASA uses it to train astronauts all the time in nose diving aircraft. If a plane nose dives fast enough the trainees lift off the floor and the trainee astronauts frolic about in weightlessness fun. In other words acceleration turns antigravity. If the plan was accelerating fast enough they will feel the sensation of sticking to the roof of the fuselage just like it was a gravity but as up instead of down point of view. The opposite holds true. If the plane accelerates gaining altitude fast enough the floor will seem to press on the astronauts.
They feel the sensation as if the earth's gravity had become stronger. Einstein was ecstatic he had found a gravitational equivalence in motion what most of us today would refer to as G-force I like to think boy racers bragging about the power of their cars testimony of the gravitational equivalence limiting their cars to a maximum speed limit.
They quote their cars can pull a few "G's" at take off and can do the "tone". 0 to 80kmph (50mph ) in less than a several seconds is pretty impressive experiencing the sensation of a few kilograms of force weighting us into our sets. Cars and everything else is limited maximum speed limits. Neck and neck formulae one racing cars can't catch up with each other let a lone overtake to pass. In his special theory Einstein must have realized light was at maximum speed limit called the constant when he visualized trains on a light speed scale. It wasn't till the general theory gravitational equivalence enlightenment showed it played a roll in distorting the space round the motion.
Even racing cars distort the space round them when they are in motion even if it is less than a few nanoseconds at their maximum speeds. Nano- is a standard metric prefix unit for a thousand millionth therefore a thousand millionth of a second per meter.(0.000000001s/m or 10-9s/m).
I like to think the maximum speed limits as a maximum momentum speed limit we expresses as terminal velocity is caused by Einstein's gravitational equivalence expressed as a inertia a property all matter shares. If we do the math's in a zero resistance light should have an infinite velocity. But despite no resistance it is limited to 300,000km/s. The maximum momentum speed limit is a missing point in the special theory. Einstein discovered in the general caused by the gravitational equivalence in the motion. Not even the combined gravitational field of the universe and those who believe gravity slows light, it goes with out saying inside a black hole light is stopped completely not even a black hole can can accelerate it any faster. I believe Einstein's special theory light constant is the maximum momentum speed limited for light in any zero resistance highlighter in the General theory's gravitational equivalence. If we apply Einstein's gravitational esurience to the universe we are struck by the fact that space is not a 2 dimensional plane it distorts. Space is a infinite three dimensional depth. Take a photo of space for example. Imagine it had the depth going infinity into the photo away from us as well as infinitely out towards and behind us depth in every possible direction. There is no such thing as up and down.
In a space walk from an astronauts point of view for example viewing the earth in orbit the earth seems toweling above him but from our point of view on the surface the space station is upwards in the sky. Think of a model of a globe where people in Britton view the sky looking up just as people on the other side of the world down under in New Zealand see the sky as up too. The up and down in out of space is in the depth away and towards us in every direction depth of field ordinary geometry drawn up on a flat 2-D plane cannot account for.
The distortion of three dimensional space began when Einstein discovered ordinary Geometry couldn't plot curving motion until he was introduced to the work of a mathematician called Bernhand Reimann ( 1826-1866) suggested by his best friend Michelle Grossman that may be helpful. Reinmann was a mathematician who had been thinking of geometry outside the square box. What would happen if we applied all the rules on the surface on the curves of spheres. Imagine drawing squares, triangles and circles on a the surface of a basket ball then working out the areas and angles?.
The surface of a sphere changes the math's completely offering a chimps of mathematical models of curves in space. Imagine plotting angles of a triangle on a basket ball. Ordinary vectors drawn on 2-D flat planes can express a straight line motion. But drawn on the surface of a basket ball the resulting triangulation predicts the direction and amplitude of the motion if a curving motion. Reimann successfully published several curved tension equations called tensions.
Einstein would have been grateful for Rienman's work he could use for his theory on curved motion. Armed with Reinman's tensors helped him to described curving motion linking mass bending 3-D space dimension. For example the earth's mass (in a more formal sense weight ) shrinks space from all directions around it like an apple rapping a piece of paper round itself. Think of a the weight of a heavy submarine under water the water pressure pulled in all directions pressuring it as space on a heavy star. We can imagine submersibles imploding crushed inwards by the water pressure like bugs. Einstein had found the link in Reinman's tensors predicting motion and mass curved space.
Think of the way the earth bends space the streets like this. The Capital of New Zealand Wellington bends space as equally as the streets of the capital of Briton London on the other side of the world. In other words The weight of of the earth pulling space in onto it rapping space like a blanket every cubic meter of the earth's crust. According to Newton the bigger the planet and star the more of space would be shrunk round them. The space shrinking of the sun creates a curve round it where the planets of our solar system run along the rim by the all direction shrink. Einstein produce an angle light would be arched as it passes our star (the sun) following the depression of the shrink looking bent from the position of earth.
The general theory was published by the German science magazine Annalen der Physik during the time the country was busy fighting the British in the early battles of the Somme in March 1916 which took the interest of a the German Astronomical community. The war prevented open sharing with the British equivalent so a copy of Einstein's paper was was discretely smuggled across the channel to the head the the British astronomical society Arthur Edignton. Meanwhile a German astronomer field gunner Karl (sh war zs child) Schwarzschild came across the magazine becoming the first astronomer to calculate an interstellar phenomena based on Einstein's theory what we call black holes these days.
In theory if a mass was heavy enough it could could create a deep well in space the walls so steep, would be beyond the speed of light speed to escape. In other words capturing a 100% of light down the steep wall Schwartschild noted Einstein had neglected a solution so set out to find one using the earth as a model. His solution showed math's indicated for the earth's mass to be heavy enough for a point of no return the earth's gravity would squeeze the current mass to a centimeter called a singularity. Then he turned his attention to what would it be for our own star the sun. His math's indicated a point about 3cm across. The calculations based on a sphere was from the edge to the center expressed today as the Schwarzschild radius of any body to squeeze itself to the point of no return for light. Meanwhile in Briton discursions by astronomers Einstein's theory of light bent by the mass of the sun predicting an arch as it passed by the sun mass could be tested by comparing time laps photos of an eclipse.
One such eclipse had already come and gone when the war broke out disrupting one attempt. The military didn't care interning the British team. The next event was scheduled for 1919. Fortunately the war ended in time providing an ideal opportunity to test Einstein predicted the light arch value. A team was dispatched to the west coast of Africa where the eclipse due to pass over on island called to capture time lapse photos to compare. When the film was developed back home and compared showed the sun's mass had indeed bend light extraordinary accurately to the angle Einstein predicted.
For those who don't believe in coincidences it shouldn't have been anything to with any lucky guess. The photos spoke for Einstein and in doing so solved the odd mystery of Mercury's orbit. Einstein's predicted arch was seized upon as a valid reason to believe the general theory of relativity that was predicting heavy masses produce could quite possibly shrink share vertical walls that were too steep for light to escape from. So where was the light going to? The idea today black holes crush everything into nothing volutes the physics law that matter cannot be created or destroyed. Whitch brings us back to the question where does light go?
In 1935 in an attempt to discredit the growing new physics that had been steadily growing since 1900 called quantum physics, Einstein had found two associates that shared his distrust, a Russian Boris Poloyskv and a American Nathen Rosen. Their paper become known as the Einstein, pololskv Rosen or EPR paradox that seems to offer some sort of compromise.
As it turned out in setting out to show quantum theory was horrible flawed the idea of a the deep well of a heavy mass in one part of the universe could link with another clear across the other side was born, in other words a wormhole perdition known today as the Einstein, Poloskv Rosen bridge travel to parallel universes the subject of a 1990's science fiction series called the sliders.
One theory I like to put forward in the TV series when the vertex opened in parallel earth it pulled the gravity of the earth they were leaving. When the sliders leap into the vertex they were literally falling though by the alternative earth's gravity pulling them like falling down the side of a tall building. But what about the gravity of the earth they were leaving? Surly it would be tugging at the alternative earth's gravity too? This question can explain cosmologists description wormholes have to pinch off. It's a reasonable guess why wormholes can never be traveled unless some comes up with another idea to cheat the law of gravity.
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