Cravity

There is only one form of energy responsible for all others - gravity. The rest is on earth electrical to thermal nuclear and fire man made. The moon effects our tides, moving rivers and water falls is merely water palled over cliffs. Without gravity of the sun couldn't shine, heat couldn't exist in fact stars could not exist at all. Consequently matter couldn't because stars couldn't exist creating the elements.

The immense power of gravity water is reputed to be incompressible, yet not to the gravitational power of black holes it's not. Super massive black holes are capable melting a cubic kilometer of solid ice into steam less than a second finishing off the stream compressed to the size of a subatomic particles as it is pulled into the point of no return in the event horizon less than another second.

Heat that drives life and the whether on earth comes from the extreme heat of the sun caused by the compression of the sun's gravity. The heat you feel from a bicycle pump pumping up a tire is not from friction you know. Without this thermal dynamic law  pumps would not heat up and stars could not be formed..

It starts off with dust particles sticking together by their own gravity escalating into the combined weight compressing the center heating it up forming a hotter core than the surface. More matter sticking to the surface gets heavier and heavier compressing the center getting hotter and hotter. The heat expanse against the weight of the surface It is so hot dense plasma ( heat equal to the heat and energy of a nuclear explosion coming out of an oven door over millions of degrees ) expanding to the size of small moons expanding the surface.

Consequently more matter collected on the surface ( called the corona ) gets heavier and heavier from the combined gravity crushing the core heating it up more expanding the corona more. The  heat of the core expands to the size of a large planet continuing to push the corona outward too getting larger and larger gaining more gravity as it attracts more and more matter gaining more and more gravity run away effect. The core can't hold out any longer detonating into a thermonuclear explosion.

This thermonuclear explosion fuses hydrogen atoms together creating helium atoms. But can't explode out right because the outer corona is too heavy holding the new born star's core from destroying the new stare. There is enough hydrogen reserves stored in the core  for continuous nuclear explosion stand offs every second between trying to explode outward against the weight of the corona trying to crush out the core for billions of years and more. Every explosion is seen as corona ripples in constant fluid motion.

Bad ones are so powerful they heat up the corona to many millions of degrees expanding against the weight of the corona bumping billions of radioactive corona material into an escape velocity coasting off into space on a light speed scale. To lay people means the solar wind. Gravity recaptures same back into the surface in the form of loops ( called Colonial Mass Ejection CME ) expanding the distance above the sun's surface as light travels in a second.( 300,000km above the corona if you like ).

CME are trillions of times magnetic than the earth's magnetic field acting as the sun's magnetic fields. The magnetic fields are so powerful they often heat up the corona.

These weigh many billons of tones traveling at light speed, many millions of degrees cecieus hot force. To astronomers the radiation is now assub atomc particles as gamma ray bursts. Planets like Mercury and Venus in the way feel the impact force.

The result for small stars the nuclear detonations are slow and easy enough for constant explosions every second up to a a few billion centuries. For extremely large stars their cores are fast and furious lasting only a mater of a couple of billion years. The smaller the star the longer they live.

The expansion of the hot core is like tire pressure lay people familiar with the imperial pounds per square inch and Pascal units. The gravitational compression of the surface of stars is as much as all the weight of the entire earth combined concentrated every cubic kilometer of the stares surface crushing the core. There is nothing but heat expansion of the core holding up the surface. The sun's surface pulls inward the total weight cooking the core with expending continual thermal nuclear explosions stopping the surface from collapsing.

Using the standard metric system units kilogram- force per cubic centimeter ( equal to  imperil pounds per square inch ) the case of stars hundreds of thousands of millions of trillions of kilotons ( Key low for a thousand metric tons )  of compression every cubic kilometer pulling inward the the sun's surface con the heated  core. The heat produced is nothing more than vibrating particles of the atom resulting an equally expanding pressure against the crushing pull of the weight of the sun's surface by it's gravity causing the extreme surface temperatures. Without the energy of gravity no heat could be produced.

As for the the earth's gravity the next time you are at a supermarket weigh a product ladled net 1kg in your hand -a bag of flour, sugar wheat or a contain of somthing- anything so long as it is a net 1kg. According to Isaac Newtown you feel the earth's mass pulling it to the floor expressed as paternal energy. If you drop it the earth's mass snatches it accelerating the packet to the floor the motion becomes what is called kinetic energy.

The sudden acceleration is a moment of force ( even if less than a second ) expressed as a torque. We we the standard metric system units Kilogram-force per centimeter of of torque. The sudden stop is only the impact of the immoveable body of the floor merely a deceleration to a stop less than a second a deceleration torque.

According to Albert Einstein the1kg mass is snatching it to the floor due to the earth's mass bending space. It is the result of the mass of the earth shrinking it round the entire circumference. The streets of your neighborhood is bending space inward onto it keeping you, the atmosphere and the worlds ocean's firmly compressed to the earth crust as equally the streets in the inward pull direction crushing pressure the opposite side of the globe.

If this is difficult except we easily except the idea when we look up to the night sky it is still upwards either point of view each side of the globe. The constellations will be different looking up a night sky at from each pole.

Supermarket scales are common place confirming a kg scale. Properly calibrated to the suspension system supporting the spring system are built to take into account the factor of the weight of the pan the scale can be very accurate indeed.

If an analogue ( ? mechanical types- a needle marker ) the kg scale celebrated with the scientific unite Newtown's the needle would read the 1kg  packet weighs equal to 9.8N force of the earth's gravity exerted on the packet at rest in the pan. This is the gravitational unit of the force of the earth's gravity.  In other words potential 1kg energy you feel in your hand, the force of gravity on the packet and kenotic energy when gravity accelerates it when you drop it. We are clearly at risk of splitting the bag or packet open the acceleration is energy impacting with the floor clearly shows.

If the 1kg mass was dropped from the roof of the top floor of a tall sky scrapper the earth's mass will snatch at it accelerating  it to a meter in a second. Holding it over the edge is zero motion. Letting go the sudden acceleration is a from zero motion to a velocity motion again- torque. Even without the earth's gravity it will stop accelerating to a constant meter per second velocity. In other words torque disappears the 1kg tumbling all the away down the side of the building finally impacting with the immovable mass of the earth in the form of the concrete foot path bellow.

It is exactly the same physics when you dropped it to the supermarket floor except for distance.

In the case of the distance to the ground of a tall sky scrapper terminal acceleration point is expressed as a terminal velocity where the earth's mass can't accelerate it any faster. Dropping the packet to the supermarket floor terminal velocity is barely reach in such a short distance.

Terminal acceleration is a maximum free fall coasting velocity under the pull of the earth's mass. ( Or if you are into Einstein's gravity the distortion of space compression the earth if you like. ). The reason why the earth's gravity can't accelerate the 1kg mass any faster there is not enough mass for the torque. If we do the math's on this 1 meter per second equals to 3.6kmph of kinetic energy dying free fall coasting. It is the same impacting energy'

Our mathematical instinct aggress 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minuets in an hour added up comes to 3,600 seconds in an hour. Our 1kg coasting down to the ground meter per second 1kg mass adds up to the same as traveling a distance 3,600 meters distance in an hour the same amount of time a 1 hour TV program. The standard metric system reminds us there is a 1,000  meters in a kilometer. The prefix k for kilo- reminds us a thousand meters in a kilometer. So 1 meter per second becomes 3,600 an hour velocity becomes 3.6kmph coasting free fall velocity down the side of the building respectively.

Impact with the foot path is a kenotic energy traveling though the mass of the 1Kg mass in a second to normal potential rest mass energy. If it was made of rubber  full of air it will tend to bounce, but solid as lead would tend to absorb most of the impact.

Motion and heat energy is the by product of gravity. I refer to motion in Rolla coasters as a prime example- if a little classic. We feel several kilograms heavier pulling us back into our seats to us lay people expressed as G's. Feeling our normal body weight not moving is a G. Everybody weighs differently but as a rule of thump everybody feeling twice as heavy in a moving coaster are experiencing a general 2G's and feeling 3 times our weight is 3G's respectively. 4G's is the limit for our enjoyment. Any more our hearts and lungs would be struggling under the heavy compression of the G's.

In 1905 in the special theory of relativity Einstein predicted the effect of NASA today using planes in training austronuaghts in zero gravity. As Einstein predicted the same effect of a plane nose diving fast enough the austronuaghts lift off the fuselage floor frolicking about in weightless fun. In effect the earth's gravity inside the fuselage is cancelled. Einstein expressed the effect as a gravitational equivalence. In effect the traveling fuselage becomes a antigravity chamber. Einstein also predicted the reverse is true if a plane ascends upwards fast enough produces the same effect.

Nobody back then could ever comprehend today common place lifting off fuselage floors in zero gravity which is why Einstein's theories were hard to understand at the time than it is easy for us today. Lifting off fuselage floors in weightlessness is excepted without question as school boy knowledge in our time but argued with conviction totally bazaar and commonly argued gravitational equivalence as illogical and fancy full to the lay person hundred yeas ago. Einstein would have agreed with today's understanding any object with enough velocity can float and object in mid air inside it as one way to put it. Another way to put it enough motion produces enough G's can act as antigravity.

The kinetic force of a kg a meter per second  is an Algebra form of Isaac Newton's fore equals mass times acceleration. We can subtitle force equals 1G that equals 1kg of torque in motion, m equals 1kg rest mass ( not in motion ) and acceleration equals the terminal velocity point of a meter per second. In other words  1G equals 1 meter per second times 1kg of rest mass in motion.

Using Algebra and calculus ( inverted by Newtown when he used math's to explain his laws of gravity force and motion ), knowing 2 the third can be projected.

Force equals mass times acceleration, force equals acceleration times mass, mass equals force over ( divide ) acceleration, and acceleration equals force over mass respectively. Using the laws of Algebra and calculus  we can sue the standard meteoric system prefix units any kg, meters per per second, and torque to project the third value.

Now lets consider the largest value in the universe- light speed. There is a zero resistance to light in out of space where it coasts just under 300,000km ( or a 186,000 miles if you like ) by the time we say "One thousand and one" That's in a second. In other words we can call a light second the distance light coasts in a second in terms of miles of kilometers. Either way it is a fixed distance expressed as c.

It is the maximum distance in that time. Light just doesn't coast any faster. We can say in the zero resistance of space light is coasting at it's terminal velocity ( it's maximum speed limit if you like ).

If we do the math's in terms of kmph 300,000k/s equals 10,080.000.000 ( ten thousand and eighty million ) kmph. In terms of miles 186,000 ( a hundred and eighty six thousand ) m/s  pans out to 669,000,000,600,000 ( six hundred and sixty nine million six hundred thousand ) -mph. Imagine riding a Rolla coaster at that velocity. Take off would travel a 300,000km ( or a 186,000 mile ) long track in a second. Imagine what the G's would be like.

Imagine an acceleration a distance of a 160km ( 100mph ) in a second on the surface of earth. Out of space  is different. Text books and web pages on astronomy tells us the planets of our solar system are virtually velocity figures faster than bullets travel on on earth. Einstein predicted in his special theory of reality if you step out of a space station hatch for a space walk you will not experience any motion not even orbiting earth traveling faster than a bullet. Yet walking pace is felt as a motion at sea level on earth.

Symmetry in math's tells us taking the circumference of the earth projects light would travel round the whole earth 7 times. If we open out the circumference of to a straight stretching it 7 times long will equal the straight line distance light travels in the same second. In other words the circumference of the earth equals seven times the same time light speed distance.

If we do some further math's we will discover our arithmetic will project when we walk a meter in a second light had traveled 300,000km in the same amount of time Symmetry tells us would take us the length of a one hour long TV program to walk a total of a constant 3,6 meters per second. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter of 3,600 meters,  the standard metric system prefix k- kilo for a 1,000 meters. In terms of kmph we walk 3,6kmph. The same can be worked out in miles when we walk the equivalent per foot in a second.

Since there is a 1,000 meters in a kilometer our arithmetic projects light  travels 3,000,000 ( million ) meters the same time we walk one meter. Thus light is 3,000,000 ( 3 million )  times as fast as a second. If we traveled on earth light speed velocity we would view the world slowed down 3 million times.

What does Einstein's theory of special relativity tell us if we accelerate and decelerate to stop in a distance of a 160km. We would accelerate 0 to 80km in 1/2 second and equally decelerate to a stop 80km to zero in another 1/2 second. What would an outside observer see?

Either you would disappear and reappear a160km away in second or stretch like a rubber band the total distance back to normal in a second. What would we observe in that second?

As we take off the environment would slowly stretch getting faster and faster eventually turning into unrecognizable streaks. As we apply the brakes the reverse will apply. The streaks will slowly dissipate getting faster and faster back to normal finally finding ourselves 1 second into the future as the observer saw us a 160km away in present time.

Gravity slows time. But when we are away from it time is free to speed up. Back into gravity time is slowed down again. If twins were to experiment with long distance space travel free from any gravitational field would be free to age faster. Returning back to earth he would be entering back into gravitational filed of the solar system and the closing of distance would retard ( slow down ) the aging of the returning twin back to the present age of his twin back on earth.

It is the effect of deceleration and closer distance that speeds up time. The slower we go the faster the environment is brought back to normal time, in this case a second of 160km distance into the future.

The distance of the moon varies but as a rule of thumb it is less than a couple of light second away from earth.

Our mathematical instinct agrees a light minute is the distance light coasts in a minute. In other words 60 seconds in a minute multiplied by by a fixed distance of just under 300,000km ( or a 186,000 miles ) distance every second projects the distance light coasts in a minute. Light takes a fraction under eight minutes to reach our eyes from the sun. If we do the math's on this in terms of kilometers 60 times 8 times 300,000. This means the nearest star from earth is a mere 8 light minutes away.

The time a signal traveling at light speed reach us from Mars is light minutes away from the earth every second a distance of 300,000km every second giving us the distance of Mars from earth. ( or in miles if you like ).

In real time light from the sun has traveled 300,000km above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence. We don't see this sunlight until eight minutes into the future. This means in our real time the current sunlight we see is only an image of the sun as it was 8 minutes ago every second. It has traveled 300,000km away from earth by the time you finish this sentence every second.

If we add up all the second of an hour -60 seconds times 60 seconds, - that's sixty squared- equals all the seconds in an hour. Multiplied by a light second gives the total distance -in kilometers or miles if you- by the time a one hour TV program. In other words a light hour is sixty squared times 300,000. Our mathematical instinct egress 300,000km/s pans out to 10,080,000,000 ( ten thousand and eighty million ) kmph velocity, sixty squared times 24 times 300,000km. (It equally works out 186,000m/s equals a distance of 669,600,000 six hundred and sixty nine million 600 miles the same as 669,600,000mph. respectively ).

In a day every 12 midnight is a date change. Digital time pieces show  00:00:00 when the date changes dead on 12 midnight a.m. staying in the state of no hours, no minutes and no seconds by the time light had traveled 300,000km.

To digital time pieces there is no such thing as 24. The last second before the date changes is 23:59;59. (  23 hours 59 minutes and 59 seconds ). Adding up all the seconds of an day equals the first second of 12 midnight ( 00:00:00 ) to the last ( 23:59:59 ) equals to 86,400 equals sixty squared times 24.every second a distance of 300,000km in terms of miles or kilometers in the period.

A week is the first second 12 midnight Monday morning to the last second Sunday night, 60 squared times 24 times 7 times a light second gives the distance traveled.

The days in the western calendar varies from 28  to 31. Normal February has 28 days but every 3 years leaps a day to 29- a leap year.

Adding up all the seconds of a year is only a matter of sixty squared times 24 times 365 days of a regular year and an extra day for every leap year. For the regular year pans out to every second 300.000km gives the distance light travels in a year we are all familiar as a light year. Mathematics tells us the regular year is a constant.

Taking into account of every leap year the distance traveled in a decade ( 10 years ) can be worked out. The same could be said for the distance light travels in a century ( a 100 years ), a millennia ( 1,000 years ) a million or a billion years even a in trillion centuries. It is only a matter of taking that constant any number of light years gives the distance in kilometers or miles terms light travels. Several hundred light years can be as much as much as a dozens of trillions of kilometers distance across the universe. So far the universe since the big bang that has supposed to have created the universe is no more than 14 billion years distance from the earth.

Earthquacks and volcanos

Imagine swinging a heavy sold steel ball on a chain round our head. The centrifugal forces we feel we generate in the circular motion obeys Isaac Newtown's law of force and motion all bodies travel in a straight line.

The first thing we notice is a wrist wobble distorting the circle into more of an ellipse. The faster we go the worse it gets. We'd think it would be similar with the moon's motion round the earth tethered by the earth's mass ( the earth's gravity if you like ). In theory the moon's mass ( in this case it's weight if you like ) should pull a wobble in the earth's spin like the weight of the circling ball does to our wrists.

But the earth and moon system is different. When we look up to the moon we are always seeing the same side as the ball swinging round our heads so isn't spinning but orbits at an independent velocity than the earth's spin though.

It is believed the presence of the moon's mass ( gravity ) actually stabilized the earth to it's current spin. So the centrifugal force motion of the moon doesn't seem to cause any significant wobble. The moon orbiting at a different velocity to the earth's spin seems to have a effect preventing the earth from wobbling to the pull of the moon's mass.

An interesting feature worth mentioning I believe plays a major part in what causes earthquakes and volcanoes is Einstein's gravity. The general theory of reality states gravity is the circumstances of the mass of stars and planets bending space.

The earth's mass for example shrinks a portion round the entire circumference. In other words the mass of the earth itself compressing space, in turn the shrunk ( or distorted ) space compressing earth's atmosphere, oceans and us to the surface.

Einstein's gravity is saying space is not flat but plastic and pliable distorted by the presence of mass.( The gravity of dark matter, galaxies, stars, planets to comets and asteroids ).

In the case of our earth the streets of your neighbourhood is pulling space in and inward projectorary as much the neighbourhoods the other side of the world, in fact every cubic meter the entire circumference of the whole globe. In other words distorted space compresses all atmospheres keeping round planets. For earth at sea level the air pressure inside our bodies ( in fact all life on earth ) exert the same outward pressure as space is exerting inward pressure roughly a kilogram per cubic meter.

Unlike the other planets of our solar system the earth's thin crust is made up of a jigsaw of lands masses under the contents and oceans called plates floating like moving rafts on molten magma ( molten rock ) called plate tectonics.

The immediate magma under the crust is several hundred billion tones per kilometer. ( TPk ). The total mass altogether including the core compressed by the mantel layers several trillion tones the total mass of the earth. When you  pump up a tire with a bicycle pump the heat you feel is not from friction you know. It is caused by the pressure inside the pump forced into the tire.

All stars ( including our own sun ) on such large scales the pressure shrinking space round them generates so much heat the expanding energy keeps space from crushing stars to smithereens. Likewise the pressure of space exerted on the surface of the crust keeps the magma in a constant liquid state.

The deeper the heavier everything becomes the hotter and more compressed everything is. In other words the weight of all that magma. Magma chambers ( Caves ) are under heat pressure several times a demotic oven turned up to maximum broil. Sometimes there is nowhere for the heat to expand. The heat of the thermal regions of the world is testimony of the expanding heat escaping from bellow.

We'd we think the spin of the earth moves the magma in circulating currents. Think of a clear sphere full of water with particles floating in it. When we spin the clear ball we see particles trace the movements of the spin verifying the water's is circulating applied to the atmosphere and molten magma under our feet.

In other words our weather is not only controlled by the influence of the sun and moon but theoretically should also be from the spinning motion of earth too. Both the air we breath and the liquid magma is a fluid motion the motion caused by the spin of earth.

Its believed because magma's constitution is make up is made mostly iron and iron is magnetic the moving magma acts like a electric turbine generating a magnetic field round the earth. The magnetic field deflects harmful solar wind from the sun protecting us from the ravages of the star and universe.

The magma is so hot the fluid motion rolls about in energy like waves in the middle of a stormy ocean. Lava lakes in magma chambers. We have seen this in volcanic documentaries of lava lakes in the craters of active volcanoes.

The lava sloshes and rolls about in harmonic motion by the energy of the extreme heat motion below. This is what seismologists listen for in the study of the worlds volcanoes. The seismology listing posts pick up the frequency of the fluid motion rumbling in magma chambers moving closer to the surface as if the magma's talking to them it is on it's way.

The extreme heat keeping the magma fluid carries the plates as it moves. Kind of like steel plates sliding on oil. If the magma was cooler it would be to sticky to move let a lone the plates.

The magma bumps some of the plates together like corks on the surface of water. The plate boundaries get stuck, suddenly release, and others ride the top of others pushing back into the liquid magma in similar jambs.

The pressure of the continual motion backs up behind suddenly un sticks. The un sticking at boundaries send ripples for kilometres causing earthquakes and squeeze magma up cracks in the crust causing volcanic eruptions. Millions of tones squeeze magma up fissures to finally pop out of the surface or volcanic peaks.

Some boundaries are grinding off to each other pushing hard against each other in different directions. Grinding past one another millions of tomes builds behind the plate mass until the plates can't take it any more and slip. These are called strike slip earthquakes.

The other type when one plate overriding the other  jambs up for a time where pressure builds up behind until it can't take the pressure any more and slips called sub duct ion slips. The pressure of the moving plate overriding the other is an excruciating long time.

Millions of tones of pressure in several hundred years melts an area close to the junction called the lithosphere. Chambers of magma under pressure is squeezed up fissures in the lithosphere area just under the skin of the crust squeezed up the cone shape mountains of volcanoes.

Curiously all to do with the billions of tones of weight the earth's crust pressing on the magma caused by the total mass of the earth distorting space round the earth. In other words volcanoes and earthquakes are caused by Einstein's general theory of reality predicting gravity distortion of space created by the earth mass helps in creating earthquakes and volcanoes.

We all tend to think space is an empty vacuum. We forget one important thing. Space is filled with radiating light from all the galaxies let a lone all the gravitational energy of the universe making things happen.

Cosmic radiation known as an electromagnetic radiation is an huge energetic waveform. Classical physics tells us a particles of the atom in mass repeat a minimum and maximum peak to peak harmonic motion. Text book describe it in a sine wave waveform. The cycle begins at minimum climbs to a peak and slows down to a stop to reverse direction speeding back up repeating the cycle.

The length of the cycle repeats many times per second the frequency of the mass of particle waveform. In the case of the universe a kilometer long radio wave believed to be the energy of the big bang that has supposed to have created our universe. Radio receivers pick it up sounding like radio static the same as the sun makes.

All stars including ours put out a frequency range from the latter called the Cosmic Background Radiation ( CBR ) to an ultra short wavelength, a couple of thousand times shorter than the thickness of a human hair per second. ( Ultra high Frequency ).

One wavelength is one cycle called a Hertz. The standard metric system tells us the prefix units for the frequency Kilo- for a thousand, mega for a million, giga for a thousand million, and terra for a billion, Kilohertz, Megahertz, Gigahertz. and Terahertz, ( KHz, GHz, MHz, and THz ) respectively.

A MHz frequency for example is a million wavelengths ( or cycles ) in a second. The standard metric system for wavelength is the reciprocals of the latter. In order,  milli ( mill-lee ) for a thousandth, micro for a millionth, Nano for a thousand millionth, and Pico for a billionth of a meter. equal to thousandths and millionths of a centimetre or tenth's, hundredth's thousandths of a millimetre respectively. One wavelength is a millisecond, a microsecond, a nanosecond a Pico second and a tera second. Mathematic tells us a million microseconds or a thousand million nanoseconds equals one second and so on.

We see sunlight from the sun as a clear light. Isaac Newton discovered prisms shorten the wavelength projected on his laboratory wall the seven major colours of the rainbow.

The lowest frequency we see is red, a couple of MHz ( or micrometre wavelength ) and blue the maximum of several MHz ( micrometre wavelength ) a very tiny part of the of the invisible cosmic radiation to low and to fast frequency range for our eyes to detect, from the CBR meter long wavelength to several  Pico meter ( THz frequency if you like ) the clear light and the colours of nature we see between.

THz is the maximum frequency of gamma rays the maximum heat and energy produced by the universe in the form of supernovae energy. Also found in man made nuclear blasts. The entire frequency spectrum is not infinite but a finite limitation that isn't any lower than the CBR, frequency nor any higher than gamma rays. The total cosmic radiation is a kilometer long to a few Pico meter wavelengths.

The heat we feel from the sun is part of the cosmic radiation that had travelled just over 3 million Kilometres ( or 93 million miles if you like ) only inferred cameras can see. This inferred heat is seen radiating from freshly solidified lava flows and put out camp fire patches hidden from our eyes by the middle of a dark night defining black body radiation. In effect we are essentially by definition black bodies because of our radiating body heat. Inferred cameras will see all this in fire and cooking in kitchens and anything to do with heat radiation.

The earth's atmosphere lengthens frequencies higher than the blue frequency in the sky we see. Radiation from the sun and universe that tans our skin is an ultra High ( UV ) frequency the minimum frequency our eyes can not see, a couple of nanometres wavelengths. ( Or a couple of GHz frequencies ). If we could see this frequency would be a bluish purple ( Violet ) colour cast round us some insects and birds can see called Ultra Violet Light ( UVL ) streaming down out of the clouds like a non stop cloud burst.

The rest of the radiation is so high in frequency incinerates everything less than a second. Fortunately for us the earth  atmosphere and the lengthens wavelengths that wasn't deflected by the earth's magnetic field. Gamma ray frequency is so high if a burst hit the earth the heat alone a huge area of the upper atmosphere would reach several thousand degrees less than a second. Space is not empty but full of all this energy.

Supernovae produce so much gamma ray can weigh the equivalent of the earth. The explosion is capable of accelerating that much mass to a light speed scale in a microsecond. The worst case scenario the earth's upper atmosphere would experience several trillion tones of pure heat ( called plasma the heat and energy of a nuclear blast ) several hundred million degrees hot slamming into it 10 thousand and 80 million kmph light speed impact. That is quite milled compared to Hyper novenas.

We'd think by taking every atom of the universe away there would be no light leaving just an empty black void of spacer. The latest research tells us not necessary true because atoms themselves are made up of particles. One particle called electrons, according to classical mechanics  the standard interpretation of the atom these are the particles that race round in circles round and round a central cluster of particles ( Nucleus ) and on a light speed scale.

Not the study of the atom but the study of the particles is called a Quantum physics often expressed as Quantum mechanics and even heard expressed as temporal mechanics for some very good reasons.

It is believed electrons are made up of a particle called a neutrino or at lest an electron family member supposedly weightless ( no mass ). They don't seem to interact with normal matter traveling right though the earth unaffected as if the earth wasn't there. They are believed to be faster than light so if  neutrinos are detected a sign of time travel activity going on.

The power that holds electrons in place is relatively week where they can be moved out of orbits leaving the center particles expressed as a week nuclear force. The centre of the atom is made up of particles called protons and neutrons. These particles are further made up of a whole host of particles the most well know several types of Quarks.

The most important discovery about the nucleus is the Higgs Boson somehow responsible for the glue holding the nucleus together expressed as the strong nuclear force.

The way text book describe it you'd think the force rivals that of the the gravitational pull of all a black hole. The strong and week nuclear forces is two four major forces includes electrical in nature.

Electrical and magnetic responsible natures lightening including our electrical and electronic world we live in. In local liberties in the children's science and technology rack children's books on basic electricity for children can construct toy electric cranes from common touch cells or batteries if you like demonstrating how electric power from batteries generate a electric current and the forces of gravity itself. The way text books describe the strong force readers would think compared to even gravity of a black hole seems week let a lone the gravity of all the stars and planets of the universe.

In 1900 stories of the particle of the atom began spreading among the scientific community. Strange stories. Physicists within the community were suggesting the particles could sometimes and sometimes not wipe out all the information of your hard drive in and instant and do it millions of kilometres away in out of space no less, sometimes and sometimes not randomness replacing it with gibberish.

The were saying the particles were devils to predict masters of illogic. From the very men who occupied rational common sense where saying everything matter round us is mostly empty space, talking reality is more then three dimensions. They might as well have said they were studying magical world of La-la fantasy lands of gurus and ferries and crystals and magical energy sources.

The reality was evidence the particles of the atom that make up the atom including the outer orbiting electrons and all of the nucleus particles put together are all highly unstable in the most illogical and fantasy full manor contrary to when they form an atom.

So bazaar in fact, no different to being pure La-La Fantasy magic. The particles are in indeed living in a sort of La-la land existence completely unpredictable, chaotic-  constantly appearing at no moment notices existing for moments from random microseconds to a whole second or two and disappear with no notice as if by magic. They disappear and reappear with no constant paten sometimes pausing as pulsating energy for a moment before disappearing on with no notice what they are going to do next.

The seemly disappearing and reappearing magical traveling is a characteristic of what is expressed as tunnelling believed be short cutting though space and time not moving at all just popping in and out of existence randomly in different places.

Their spin is illogical to a point of being bullshit. Physics claim they spin clockwise and anticlockwise at the same time when your not looking at them. Totally illogical to any bodies minds. But to particle physicist minds the particles are stable in one spin direction only when you look at them and seem to know when your back is turned resuming their illogical spin and jumping behaviour again.

It is as if the particles of the atom are playing games with us. When you look again, the unpredictable behaviour seems to stop again. Every time you try to predict where the particle and is spin is the particle is sometimes not in the same place and sometimes it is and sometimes not the same spinning direction you saw it and sometimes it is as well as sometimes not over there, but found over here and sometimes not over there but over here and sometimes were you once saw it but a different spin direction and sometimes not.

The latter is one of the characteristic behaviours of the uncertainty principle realized by a German Physicist Erin Schrodinger in the mid 1920's born from the illogical physics of spin and tunnelling behaviour of the particles.

While we are not looking sometimes they change places with each other and sometimes they don't in equal unpredictable randomness. Sometimes they exist in two places at the same time and sometimes they don't with no notice randomness. Sometimes they mimic each others behaviour and sometimes they don't and it seems with no limit to distance at that. It is a case of the unpredictability never knowing if when we can predict their behaviour because of the sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't behaviour.

The speed in which the particles do this is on a light speed scale between distances no wider than the particles themselves inside every atom.

Mathematics formulae seems to pan the Higgs Boson seems to be an irremovable force holding the nucleus together. Removing every atom of the universes what remains will be the Higgs Boson energy holding the energy of the nucleus particles together left in space.

In 1905 the famous self taught scientist Albert Einstein was inspired with a thought of not describing what gravity is but how it actually works. This created the first pepper of the special theory of what happens to space and time on a light speed scale called the special theory.

It wasn't till the second year of world war one he hit on the idea that the mass of stars and planets ( relative sizes ) are heavy enough to distort space rewriting the special theory called the called the General theory of gravity.

The theme of the General theory space is plastic and pliable. The mass of stars and planets, shrinks space round the entire circumferences. In the case of earth space is collapsing the air we breath ( the earth's atmosphere if you like ) to the surface round the entire circumference at the same instant.

Our body weight is felt as the force of this compression determined by the size of the earth's mass shirking space. In effect our neighbourhood is bending space inward on itself as much as the neighbourhood is inwards on itself the other opposite side of the world. The shrinkage creates depressions round perimeters the bodies where other bodies like the earth's moon for example follows in orbit. It's velocity is high enough not orbit into earth and bellow escape velocity to escape it.

light of all the galaxies of the universe create a distance away in front of us as equally away behind us, left, right, up, down, in every direction can pin pointed coordinates of the galaxies everywhere. No matter were we turn it is always the same away in front and behind us depth all round us. In any three dimensional environment ( including space ) if we turn 90 digress left it is still a distance away in front of us. So too the if we rotate right a 180 degrees to the right will still be a distance away us. Even a complete U-turn ( 180 degrees ) the distance behind us is now in front of us.

Two other directions on earth exist, up and down. Looking up is a distance in front of us and equal as well looking down.

Taking away every atom of the universe there would be no stars thus talking away the light of the universe. Or think of the catastrophe if we all no longer could see light anymore. There would be a claustrophobic black void surrounding us everywhere. Theatrically even if every atom didn't exist there would still be the effect of the Higgs boson energy left. In such a condition away from the surface of earth there will be no such thing as coordinates and motion. Even traveling at light speed would feel stationary.

A person involved in some accident putting them into a coma for a while would agree coming to would have only be the last time remembering being conscious. A few ours or days would seem like a second or two.

Theoretically a 50 year coma would only be a mere moment of time. Time for a comatose person is meaningless. This is the sort of thing what it would be like if there was no light in the universe for us to see with. Our impression of time is due to our eyes seeing light and our brain to perceive the passing of something that doesn't really exist to a person unconscious or the universe.

Common retailers sell off the shelf budget mini notes books and tablets to huge high priced laptops. Budget models tend to be exclusively general purpose Microsoft Personal Computer types. Apple Mack's tend to be none PC based computers tending to be very stable while Microsoft PCs have their fair share of some stability problems.

Budget PC's running smoothly depends on the habits of us users. Large file size is a drain their operating system speed and memory resources not so much effected by Apple operating systems. Any new off the shelf retailer computer are fast theses days, even budget mini note books and tablets as is any computer with virtually empty hard drives.

Hard drives up to three quarters full with file size beyond the speed and memory capacity cut down expensive and fast computers to the speeds of empty hard drive budget mini note books. Mini notebooks haven't  the capacity to process large file size file collections. There best stability for theses models is a 1/4 full hard drive small file size collection with small file names.

Today it's standard protocol all computers are internet oriented. Top of the range laptops are designed for large collections of file sizes as large as uncompressed multimedia photography, video and entertainment programs specially operating from the internet.

Budget mini note books, Mac minis. I pads and tablets are designed as the names says only as basic note books with a very limited capacity for anything else. They are ideal for collections of small size word documents and basic paint sketch collections.

One of the big problems for budget computers is a collection of no longer working short cut files neglected sitting around cluttering up users desk tops. Apple equivalent are called aliases. They are like HTML links a primary behind the scenes program folder name a slash and the secondary folder name a slash the file name and type locations in the users system.

If there is no match to any one of the folder or file name or file type the path is incomplete created when any one of the folders or the file is renamed or shifted to other locations. A solution is to delete the short cut and if wished recreate a new one liked to the new location.

Too many broken in Microsoft PC short cuts creates a disorganized collection hierarchy paths. The larger the collection the worse it gets. It can become quite a mess for operating systems to manage.

Often deceiving to Microsoft users if long missing or forgotten ( even thought deleted ) outdated and no longer used is marked as hidden so are hiding files from user's hogging speed and memory resources in the background the cause of slow down of computer performance and program freezing.

To restore Microsoft a hidden folder or file refer to the control panel and open folder options. The folder options dialogue appears. Clicking the view tab clicking "Show hidden files, folders and drives" clicking apply and OK displays greyed out hidden file or folders in their locations.

Right clicking them the properties dialogue box displays. Clicking out the tick in the "hidden" tick box clicking apply and OK restores the file or folder back the way it was. 

Uses will need to go back to folder options clicking "Hide folder files or drives". Apple operating systems don't work that way. There is no control panel. The Apple equivalent is called system preferences. This procedure is effective tool in checking where you personal files my have gone to in case accidentally marked of Roget as hidden.

A large file size collection accidentally clicked hidden or otherwise the folder or file program continues to draw a significant amount of memory reverse and speed. No amount of clean up can, ( unless the characteristic clean up program of the operating system does so in the clean up processes ), the hidden personal files will always still be there hogging computer resources in the background. 

Checking any personal files that may have gone hidden unlocking them is one of the steps in file cleaning up. Once hidden folders and files are shown users are free to unlock them and proceed in clean up deleting, resaving in any new location of choice or saved in back ups ect.

Apple operating systems have no registry system the way Microsoft operating systems do. Microsoft programs interact with each other the programming is under the control of the operating systems registry. When a file is deleted the operating system doesn't delete the information because it is needed by most of the other programs. Apple operating system manages the interactive programs differently. 

We know about filing files in alphabetical and numerical order. We look up phone books the first and second letters in alphabetical order of the person. It is the same with PC folder and file naming. The view menu in PC operating systems allows users to arrange any way liked except for the alphabetical order of the files names users have no control of.

No matter the view setting all folder and file names are arranged in numerical and alphabetical order. Even the speed of the ultra fast common new retailer Non PC will take hours to scan an address one at phone book list.

We don't do that do we. We go straight to the block the first letter of the persons name. Then narrowing down we look for the name the second letter of the spelling and so on. The same automatic protocol with PC operating system protocols on the folder and file names. Even new empty budget mini notes books, tablets and PCs will locate a phone number this way in seconds.

Using numbers as file names if we wish out of alphabetical order approach. They are ideal for multiple clone copies of the same file name. Computers don't file numerical order 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 and 6 order but 01, 02, 03, 04, 05 and 04 respectively. Numbers are seem 09, 1,0,  1,1,  1,2,  1,3,  1,4 through to.......1, 9,  2,0,  2.1,  2,2,  2,3, 2,4 though to.........2,9,  3,0,  3,1,  3,2,  3,3.  3.4 though to.........3,9, 4,0.........and so on.

They check the first number say 34 for example , as 3 then the second number 4 and so on. If more than two digit numbers the same principle. They check every number as a individual single digit. This is how typical new retailer computer manages 64-bit ( binary numbers ) as individual 64 single numbers.

A near full hard drive of fastest new off the shelf retailer PC are slowed down quite a lot searching though complex folder and file structures because of registry searches specially if a messy collection of errors. The slowest new budget mini lap tops and tablets available can bet them with empty hard drive content with simple one to two letter folder and tiny file names. The more empty a PC is the more tidy the registry the faster it is and vice versa principle the more crowed the hard drive the more slower the speed.

Retailer shops for the common models display the speed ratting as a part of advertising hypothetical for PCs empty hard drives. Wait till a hard drive is full. The slower the speed ratting the more basic file name structures are needed for PCs to keep them running smoothly. The largest speed ratings for the most part are the expensive models that can speed though more complex folder and file structures up to half full hard drives.

Long file names slow down any PC scanning. The longer the hierarchy pathway names the slower the processing even high processing speed because of a untidy registry. 

One of the tricks keeping budget models particularly mini note book and tablets running smoothly is keeping the hard about quarter full and keeping the registry tidy with minimal folder hierarchy structures minimal valid short cut files and tiny file names. Anther trick because PC also scan recycle bin or trash bins. If you can do with out it keeping it turned off can be beneficial in increase processing speed plus all personal hidden folder and file property menus switch adds to the speed.

When you save a file to the hard drive by default they save in the closest available space. This is because it takes time for any computer to shuffle the rest of the files making room for the new file position.

Think of the insertion of a new sentence in a paragraph of a word processor. Even with high processing speeds uses often experience a few seconds delay as it works at shifting the rest of the text to make room for the new insertion in this case the moving files in the hard drive round in finding room for the new file.

Apple operating systems are different from PCs they don't need a de frag program PC's have to. Users can observe this by observing the position the new file added to the list most of the time at the end. In PCs going out of the folder returning back resets the folder or file in the numerical order sequence.

The habit of doing that while uses work will find when the time comes to defrag their hard drive operating systems often report doesn't need deflagrating at this time. By manually resetting the file to the right location as a user works keeps the hard drive defrag mated and helping to keep users computer's running smoothly.

A slow down hazard for any computer is RAM. Random Access Memory is the instant access not from the hard drive but a temporary copy of every thing including the entire operating system from a mother board chip set. The hard drive is not in use. Including both PC and Non PC computers uses are operating straight from the mother bard. When shut down the whole lot including the not save work is discharged. Only the operating system is reloaded at restart.

Pressing the sleep mode in the shut down menu nothing is discharged. Both computers is still drawing power to maintain users unsaved work where they left off. Pressing the keyboard on off button activates the sleep mode characteristics of the computer. Pressing it again activates the sleep mode wake up system where users can continue were they left off.

Problems occur in PCs if the storage data is near the maximum of the RAM capability of the PC. Non PCs handle the overload differently. In the PC situation there is a minimal  memory margined. A PC hard drive about 90% full is a drain on RAM memory resources. PCs are forced to take time to scrounge up more memory from around the system from RAM to the hard drive.

If large file sizes are are marginal memory reserves computer programs start to run out of memory and start stopping working, in other words freezing problems. The PC has run out of memory resaves waiting for more to come that never comes.

For PCs about a 1/4 of the total hard drive capacity in RAM rule of thumb is safe bet keeping your computer RAM resources well bellow maximum keeping PC programs running smoothly. 

To determine the memory capacity of of both PC and and Apple computers refer to the computer window right clicking a blank space the properties menu displays.

Clicking properties uses have a fair specification guide of the computer details of it's RAM available. Clicking the operating system details gives how much hard drive is free.

The same principle applies when users right click any folder or file. Deducting what the operating says as the file size from, the total RAM specification available tells us what's left is the RAM memory reverse.

We observe the second hand of analogue clock and watches move a division ever second. It is the same amount of time as digital clocks and watch seconds, the same amount of time we say "One thousand and one" the same amount of time we walk a meter, The same amount of time light travels a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometres ( or a hundred and eighty six thousand Kilometres if you like ), the same amount of time it travels seven times round entire circumference of earth a light second the distance light travels in a second. The moon is close enough to be less than a couple of light seconds away from earth.

Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter of sixty seconds in a minute times a light second giving us the distance light travels in a minute. Light takes eight minutes from the sun to reach our eyes so is only a matter of eight times sixty times a light second gives the total distance it will travel in that time. This means our sun is the nearest star to us a mere eight light minutes away.

In real time light from the sun is 300,000km above the sun's surface by the time you finish this sentence every second. We won't see this light until eight minutes into the future. By the time it reaches us in eight minutes time is only a image of what the sun was eight previous every second. What we see now is already 300,000km away from earth by the time you finish this sentence in every second.

When we apply the math's the total distance pans out to be sixty, times eight, equals four hundred and eighty then times a light second which pans out to be a 144 million kilometers away ( 0r in miles eight hundred and ninety two eight hundred thousand ) form earth.

Theoretically if we were to match light speed traveling from earth to the sun from our point of view would only take eight minutes to get there, while from observers point of view when we get there we would be eight minutes into the past and from our point of view earth is eight minutes into the future. We would have to stop or we would over shoot the sun. So that we don't cook ourselves when we reach the sun we would need to accelerate a distance of 300,000km in a second traveling at that constant velocity less than eight minutes compensating we don't get burnt up from the heat and decelerate a distance of 300,000km to a stop in a second. It will take quite a bit of planning to find the right distance, and heat shielding.

Imagine the G's only once round the circumference of earth in a second let a lone seven times in that time. The physics reminds us of the consequences of such a high velocity in the earth's gravity. We only need to be reminded of space ship modules reentering the earth's atmosphere. Imagine at light speed. The air would would reach a few hundred degrees Celsius in less than a few seconds and crushed like a bug by the compression pressure.

We are reminded in out of space we are away from the earth's gravity's influence. Most us us believe the gravity slows time including black holes stopping it completely. The same sediment the speed in light limit. In other words all four G's, gravity's influence. light speed and black holes all have somthing in common as far as time is concerned.

Also there is Einstein's influence the mass at light speed becoming infinite. Encountering none of the traditional resistance in a vacuum we know of, light doesn't go any faster than it's own velocity. It is at it's maximum momentum speed limit. In other words all that's stopping it from going any faster is it's own velocity in other words the G's terminating it to it's speed limit. In out of space light speed is terminated to it's velocity. Following Einstein's influence and the belief time stops at light speed rivals that of black holes.

If we do the math's on light speed mathematics' tells us the reciprocal of a light second is the same number in reverse. 300,000km/s is 300,000th second the time it takes to travel a distance of a kilometer. Our mathematical instinct agrees it is only a matter of 1 divide 300,000 equals 300,00th. For a meter it is only a matter of asking ourselves how many meters in 300,000km the reciprocal the time it takes to travel just one meter we walk a second. From our point of view light traveling round the circumference of earth seven times is the same amount of time we walk a meter in a second.

The reciprocal tells us light is 300 million times as fast as our environment second. If we do the math's on this light see's us 300 million seconds per meter velocity. Light speed is relative to our point of view and our environment second is relative to light speeds point of view. While light see's us 300 million times as slow as our second we see it 300 million times as fast. If our environment's time is fixed means from each point of view tells us our environment's time cannot go any slower than we view light speed as fast.

Galileo, Isaac Newtown and Albert Einstein are the three big names in the laws of force and motion. Motion is a movement that takes time to travel from a to b. A significant importance in motion is Newtown's third law which states where there is a force there is an equal and opposite reaction. In the early 20th century Einstein used an elevator describing antigravity NASA has been using airplanes training astronauts in weightlessness for the last sixty years

Isaac Newton described the mass of bodies including stars and planets pulls inward with a force. Einstein took a different view point where the masses bend space. The mass of the earth for example shrinks it round the entire circumference. The mass of the streets of your neighborhood is bending space inward on themselves as equally the streets of the neighborhoods is bending space inward on themselves the other side of the globe.

If we use a reference, the earth's mass pressures us with a force of a kilogram per cubic meter the entire surface at sea level. High in the atmosphere the earth gravity is weaker than sea level while the core is much stronger. It is the combined mass pulling space to the surface of earth that causes the weight of it's cracked egg shell crust shifting resulting in the colliding and grinding together pressures of the plates resulting in earthquakes and volcanic euripus.

Einstein tells us falling fast enough elevators we feel lighter because of less gravity. NASA training astronauts has been using high altitude nose diving aircraft to achieve the same effect for over fifty years. Astronauts lift off the fuselage floor frolicking about in weightless fun the exact weightlessness Einstein described what happens inside a falling elevator. In other words nose diving aircraft and falling evaluators become antigravity devices Einstein expressed as a cancellation of gravity.

Einstein was inspired by the thought of a person falling from a roof of a building they don't feel their weight that inspired the 1905 special theory of reality. Today's sky diver agree we are free falling experiencing weightlessness. Einstein's special theory describes falling elevators or in our case astronauts in the fuselage of a free falling plane experience no gravity at all he expressed as a gravitational equivalence.

Einstein tells if motion is fast enough we experience the similar effect. We are all reminded how familiar we are with car magazine rating test car performances. 0 to 60 ( in mph,  equal to 96kmph ) in a given seconds is common.

The average family hatch can accelerate roughly 0 to 96Km in several seconds. A little less time if pushed. We don't experience any significant G's. Sport cars can do it in a couple of seconds. We begin to experience a slight sensation of a increase in our body weight pulling us back into our seats. Powerful drag race cars 0 to 96kmph in a second. Jet fighter take off short runways of aircraft carriers even less.

By the time I mentioned jet fighter take off you probably thought more about G's. It is the result of Newtown's third law of motion in a straight line acceleration. Fast enough there is a opposite and equal force pulling back on the acceleration. It is expressed as inertia. We experience it as a our body weight increasing weighing us back into our seats in high speed Rolla Coaster accelerations. It is as if in a heavier gravity.

If we use a reverence a G of acceleration it is the earth's mass pulling on us our stationary body weight one G. Two G's is a point we experience reach a weight twice our body mass and three G's three times and the legal limit for Rolla coasters is limited to a maximum of four G's. The average person won't feel very well for a while, brain disorientation and unsteady ness recovering from the ride. There is enough force to pass us out and a potential of stopping bad hearts and pace maker problem headaches for Roller coaster managers. Only the fit can withstand jet fighter forces they are capable of generating. The faster the acceleration the more we feel our whole body becomes weight down by G's.

The opposite is true. If a plane climbs fast enough astronauts cling to the roof like gravity. In other words enough velocity produces Isaac Newtown's third law of motion. Newtown's first and second laws state body's tend to resist acceleration. It becomes a point where the accelerated body can't go any faster stabilized to a constant velocity. In other words a terminal acceleration point expressed as terminal velocity.

Terminal acceleration is the effect of the inertia terminating everything to a maximum speed limit. No matter the peddle to the metal or open throttle vehicles can not go any faster than their maximum speed limits. At full throttle the Japanese and German Inter City Express ( ICE ) bullet trains can not go any faster than 350kmph ( or 220mph if you wish ). Beside it is the maximum safe cursing speed on the surface of earth. Any faster suffer violent air turbulence buffeting.

The famous road safety expression use by the police "the faster you go the bigger the mess" testifies to the high energy of high speed collisions. G's build up at acceleration and terminate at maximum speed. The G's have become a point at which the force cannot accelerate the body any faster. We only need to think of traveling in a twenty five year old SUV ( Sports Utility Vehicle ) at a 160kmph ( 100mph ) on a state highway for a while how exhausting the ride can be at controlling it. No matter the pedal to the metal it won't go any faster.

In the zero resistance of out of space gases to entire galaxy's are traveling ( expressed as falling because of the pull of all the gravity in the universe ), are at their maximum speed limits of thousands of kmph velocities. A body lunched from a space station hatch for example accelerates a second terminating to a constant velocity of no less than a few thousands of kmph. Try stepping out of a vehicle traveling less than a kmph at sea level. That's is because of the earth's gravity at this level has a damping effect on velocities.

The earth's core is much stronger than on the surface. Velocity is dampened the closer we get to the core. Above sea level is less gravity. In Einstein's specially theory of relativity explains a high altitude passenger jet plane example passengers never feel they are cruising 800kmph ( 500mph ) on a planet well in excess of tens of thousands of kmph spin and orbit velocities of the earth round the sun. Looking out the window an overcast cloud covers look like they are traveling less than a kmph velocity.

The special theory reminds us there is no such thing as stationary in space. The gas and dust of nebulas to entire galaxies travel no faster than their current speeds. In other words everything has a maximum speed limit including light. Dispite light having no resistance to it's velocity in out of space it is terminated to just under three hundred thousand kilometers per second ( 300,000km/s or a hundred and eighty six thousand miles per second, 186,000m/s if you like ) constant velocity. If we do the math's on this in terms of kmph, ten thousand and eighty million. ( 10,080,000,000kmph or 669,000,000,6000,000mph six hundred and sixty nine million six hundred miles an hour )

Lets think a bit of an acceleration from 0 to a 160kmph ( or a 100mph if you like ) at sea level on the surface of earth in a second for a minute. Mathematics tells us in terms of meters per second equals just under half a meter, ( zero point four, four, four.......meters to be exact ), 0.444444m/s terminal velocity point in second. Accelerating motor vehicles constantly increase speed every second meters per second per second ( m/s² ) until it is terminated to a constant velocity where the vehicle can't go any faster in this case 0 to a 160kmph in a second.

Isaac Newtown's acceleration formulae concludes force equals mass times acceleration ( f = m a ) tells us we can find the force with a given mass ( kg ) knowing the terminal velocity point. The law of mathematics projects force equals acceleration times mass ( f = a m ), acceleration equals force over ( expressing division  a = f / m ) and mass equals  force over acceleration ( m = f / a ) respectively. Math's can't lie you know.

Our mathematical instinct agrees we can project the meters per second velocity is only a matter of sixty seconds in a minute and sixty seconds in an hour pans out to three thousand six hundred seconds. Multiplied by point, four, four, four....( 0.4444444 and so on  ) equals three thousand six hundred ( one thousand five hundred an ninety nine to be exact ). In other words 0.4444m/s equals the same assaying a 160kmph.

Since the standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer -kilo ( key low ) a 160kmph velocity throughout the distance as the same amount of time a one hour TV program. In other words a one hour TV program of time given a mass of the body and the force equals a distance of just under half a meter per second motion.

There will be a significant amount of G's generated in the first second. Once terminal velocity is achieved in that second the G"s too is terminated to a constant. The body is heavier than at rest. Proof of this when it collides with somthing. All the G's at acceleration is disapated though the traveling body as well as into the collided body.

What would the special theory predict if we accelerated to a stop in a total distance of a 160kmph? When we take off the first thing we would notice the environment's time would start to slow down because we are accelerating in violent motion. The environment's time would slow down slowly at first getting faster and faster until we hit a distance of 80k in the environment's half second where we hit the brakes.

As we decelerate we are slowing down where the environment's time will appear to speed up. The slower we go the faster the environments time goes  up. Finally we find ourselves a second into the future were we left a 160km away. The point the excise time 0 to a 160kkm equals a is a space time of a second into the future in a distance of 160km.

Theoretically we don't need light speed to distort space and time. WE let the G's 0 to a 160kmph in  second do it. Light speed is just another distance of time. Light speed equals a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers by the time in out of space the second hand of analogue clocks and watch second hands move a division the seconds of digital time piece seconds, light travels round the entire circumference of earth seven times, we walk a meter and say one thousand and one. In other words all of the latter equal a  light second the distance light travels in a second.

The moon is far enough away to be less than a couple of light seconds away. Our mathematical instinct agrees sixty seconds in a minute is the distance light travels in a minute. In other words a light minute.

Light takes about eight minutes to reach our eyes from the sun. In other words the sun is the nearest star to earth a mere eight light minutes away.

Our mathematical ability agrees when we muiltiply sixty seconds by sixty minutes ( sixty squared ) pans out to a grand total of three thousand six hundred seconds and multiplied by a light second ( the distance of three hundred thousand kilometers ) give us the distance light travels in a light hour. In other words in terms of kmph ten thousand and eighty million by the time a one hour TV program traveling at the maximum speed limit of three hundred thousand kilometers per second. 300,000km distance equals a distance of 10,080,000,000km in an hour. In other words a light hour.

Correspondingly a light day is the distance light travels every date change every 12 midnight period. Our math's skill agrees if we take all the seconds in an hour multiplied by twenty four we get a grand total of eighty six thousand four hundred seconds in the period multiplied by a single light second equals the distance light travels from 12 midnight a.m to twelve might p.m.

The same can apply to a light week, a light month and of coarse we are familiar with the term light year. Our mathematical instinct tells us it is only a mater of all the seconds of a day multiplied by three hundred and fifty six days of the whole year, multiplied by a light second giving us the distance light traveled in a year. For a leap year we take into account of the extra day at the end of every third February which is two hundred and fifty seven days.

Taking into account of every leap year in a decade we can calculate the distance light travels in that period, a century, a millennia ( a thousand years ) a million years a billion even for trillions of centuries on earth distances into the far reaches of the universe. The universe is less than fourteen billion years ago since big bang that that supposed to have created the universe. When we can add up all the seconds as described fourteen to fifteen billion years gives and takes a few billion years tolerance the distance the first light has traveled to this day.

We can find the distance and time we walk a meter simply by saying "One thousand and one" in a couple of strides. By that time light in out of space had traveled a distance of just under three hundred thousand kilometers. If we do the math's on this a meter per second in terms of kmph is only a mere 3.6 ( just over three and a half ) kmph.

Such a velocity has it's G's consequences. Imagine the G's 0 to a 16kmph in a second let a lone the air friction generated. In out of space that short distance means nothing.

Our mathematical instinct arouses our curiosity asking if light travels a distance of three hundred thousand kilometers in a second then how much in time does it travel a meter? In essence we are armed with information the standard metric system telling us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer.

We ask ourselves if that's true then how many meters equals three hundred thousand kilometers? Three hundred thousand is three and five zeros. A thousand is one and three zeros. It is a simple matter of three zeros onto the five giving us three and eight zero meters. It is three three hundred with six zeros for a million. In other words light speed equals three hundred million meters equals three hundred thousand kilometers.

The law of mathematics tells us a reciprocal is the same number in a fraction of a second three hundred millionth second we we walk a meter one second. In decimal fraction is one dived three hundred millionth ( 1 dived 300,000,000km\s equals 0.0000003m/s ). The standard metric system tells us three hundred microseconds. ( one micro is a millionth ). The math's tells us light is three hundred million times faster than the environment second.

Light traveling seven times round the circumference of earth is the same amount of time we walk just one meter. Knowing the circumference of earth opened out to a straight line multiplied by seven will equal light mathematics can work out how much time light travels a meter. The standard metric system tells us there is a thousand meters in a kilometer. Our mathematical instinct agrees we can ask how many meters in 300,000km.

It is only a matter of the three zeros in a thousand onto 300,000, giving six zeros for a million ( 3 and eight zeros ) resulting in 300 million meters in 300 thousand km. Math's tells us the reciprocal of 300 million is the same number 300 millionth. It pans out to be 1 divide ( or over if you like ) 300 million. Applied to a second equals light travels a meter in that time. Or given in the standard metric prefix micro for a millionth 300 microseconds.

Einstein's special theory of relativity reminds us from our point of view of the speed of light  waking a meter per second light traveling 300 million meters in the same amount of time is 300 million times faster the our environment second. The special theory tells us the reciprocal of light speed tells us from light speeds point view is as slow. It means a walk per meter is as slow as 300 million seconds.

If we do the math's on this adding up all the seconds of a year pans out to be 31 million.( Thirty one million five hundred and thirty six thousand seconds to be exact. It is taken from one complete year of time the first second of the twelve month period staring 12 midnight New years morning ending at the last second 12 midnight new years eve ). 300 million seconds pans out to equal light speed point of view of the earth's environment the equivalent of about just over 9 1/2 years as slow as a second of our point of view we observe light speed in a second. The environment's time can't go any slower than light speed can't go any faster.

Bicycle tires

One of the main issues of DIY bicycle issues is tires. Depending on the bike whether racing, BMX, common commuter, to a mountain bike,  tires fitted come in various sizes starting with older racing tires. Theses tires are imperil inches. Tape measures read as much as 28 to 20 inches across just over an inche wide. ( 28, 27, 26, 24 and 20 to be exact ). There are 12 inch ( 1 foot ) children's bike tires.

Metric tires read 50 millimeters short of 3/4 meter ( 700mm or equal to 70cm to be exact ) and about 25 to 45mm wide a smaller diameter than the 28 impearl inch which is larger than 26 inch with 27 between. Metric tires my look the same size as a imperil but are that much different Metric tires won't fit impearl rims ether to big, or two small. Measuring inside the tire is a good indicator of the diameter of the rim deigned for. Checking the diameter of rim the will agree. The diameter of your tire is printed on the tire wall, the x by the width in impearl inches or metric millimeters 

Soft tires tend to offer a maximum amount of road rolling resistance. Weight carrying compresses the tire spreading the ball giving the maximum amount of road rolling resistance. Tight tires has the minimum amount offering glorious glides. Condition plays a large part of this.

Tires that have old glass cuts from previous punctures leak air from leaking inner tubes leaking like a sieve. Expanding cuts effect the ability to hold in air. Expensive tires are made glass cut proof at the same time acting as an extra inner tube. Good well worn but in excellent condition would have been an expensive tire when new. They are much better at inner tube air leak containment quality, robust and durable, not easily effected by heavy ware and tear good for many many kilometers of trouble free cycling than budget tires.

Inner tubes also come in budget standard and more expensive puncture proof. A combination of the two insures trouble free cycling for some time. Leaky inner tubes are caused by previous puncture repairs leaking.

Budget new inner tubes and tires are standard not made flat proof tending to leak air accelerated by leaking inner tubes. When older specially with old glass cuts in the tire continually expanding and leaking inner tube begin the habit of leaking air all the time during riding. New should last for a while before the ware and tear starts to take it's toll and if the added complication if old expending glass cuts start to become uneconomical to fix the constantly recurring flats any more.

Slow leaks is a common occurrence. The inner tube starts developing strange pin holes that are notorious suspects and hard to find and repair due to the condition of both the inner tube and leaking tire specially  if there is any expanding glass cuts. The frequency of repairing flat and puncture repair failures start to be become common.

Attempting to fix the problem with budget inner tubes is not only expensive way to fix the problem but the tire old tire condition hurts the new inner tube soon back to square one with staying inflated problems.

A sign of budget tires bike glides feel spongy due to soft tires not lest offering a high road rolling resistance. The problem is due to the tire constantly leaking air as we ride. Budget new standard ones appear hard as a rock pressing with our fingers but as they get older their firmness starts to go all the time leaking air giving higher and higher road rolling resistance due to the weight of the rider spreading the tire. Soon the glide become not as gratifying as it once was when new due to letting the tire get to soft to often.

There are many experiences of tires stating the habit of quickly going soft with increasing frequency specially soon after topping up with air. Even a brand new expensive tire will let you down when a patcy inner tube is leaking like a sieve.

Frequently topping up is a sign of the inner tube leaking the tire leaking as well. There are experiences of tires with on going habits despite new inner tube replacements. It is a sign of not a flat proof tire inner tube and tire bound to have been a standard budgets when new. New expensive flat proof inner tubes can collect a number of patches very quickly with a warn out standard budget tires. The tire is not holding in the air. Eventually hours after repair and top up the tire is totally soft to completely flat again.

For bets result new flat proof inner tube and tire will work wonders in long reliability. 

Inexperienced commuters end up scratching their heads with the tire problem of what's going on and what to do when a tire won't stay up while it is the inner tube and tire leaking air as fast as the top ups.

Riding constantly on soft tires not only offers a lot of road rolling resistance also hurts them wearing out even expensive flat proofed tires very quickly the beginnings of frequent flats. If we are to avoid constant flat problems flat proof inner tubes and tires together work wonders.

Under inflated flat proof tires pressure are as equal to the maximum of correctly inflated car tires, 30 pound spar square inch ( metric kg per square centimeter or bar equivalent if you like ). Rolling resistance of racing bike tires can be as much as a 100PSI. Standard budget commuter bike tires and inner are at lest 65PSI. The average for a car is about 25. Professional athletes can afford expensive flat or air leak less ) proof inner tubes and tires fitted to their bikes.

The pressure information is printed on the tire wall along with the tire size. Standard budget tires range from 60 to 70PSI. Expensive flat proof tires a minimum of 60 up to a 90. So if you want an effortless glide and trouble free punctures fit avoid tires with old glass cuts, consider flat proof inner tubes and tires inflated between the minimum and maximum tire pressure markings on the tire wall.